Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Example

Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Example Harvesting papaya fruit Essay Harvesting papaya fruit Essay 1.0 Harvest From the journal article written by Bautista-Banos, Sivakumar, Bello-Perez, Villanueva-Arce, and Hernandez-Lopez ( 2013 ) , the postharvest handling stairss of papaia fruits are difference among the fruits meant for export and sold in the national market. For the fruit meant for export, there are specific adulthood index needed to be followed when reaping papaia fruits, which is at the mature phase of ? coloring material interruption ( one-stripe yellow at the blossom terminal or vertex and the quarter-ripe yellow ) . While for the papaia fruits meant for national market, they can be harvested at assorted maturing phases. Harmonizing to Medina, Gutierrez, and Garcia ( 2003 ) , the papaia fruits that fail to run into the export specifications will be rejected for export such as over-ripeness ( fruits exhibit localised softening or more than three xanthous chevrons at its base ) and under-ripeness ( no yellow stripes on fruits ) . However, those papaya fruits still can be accepted for sale in the national market. There are specialised tools and knives to reap the papaia fruits other than by manus ( Medinaet al. ,2003 ) . Losingss of quality in papaya fruits can be happened if the postharvest handling procedure do non command good. : 1.1 Loss in crop 1.1.1 Mechanical harm When papaia fruit is harvested by manus or with knives, the peduncle is snapped or cut from the tree, and the top of the fruit is instantly cut flower. If the papaia tree is excessively high and causes the harvest home of fruit unaccessible by manus, a tool that contains a long pole, a little round hoop attached with a little mesh bag every bit good as a horizontal blade above them is used. The blade is placed below the peduncle of the papaia fruit so the pole is moved upwards. After that, the papaia fruit will drop gently into the mesh bag ( Medinaet al. ,2003 ) . However, if the papaia fruit by chance drop to the difficult surface or rubbing against other fruits will do bruising. Besides that, crop tools, nails of choosers or peduncles from other fruits may do lesions on the fruit such as cuts and lead to the loss of tissue unity. The lesions can besides let the incursion of decomposing Fungis and bacteriums into the fruit tissue ( Camelo, 2002 ) . On the other manus, improper stor age of papaia fruit prior conveyance to packing house such as jammed mass exceeds the volume of the container can do high susceptibleness to fruit bruising that will impact the concluding quality of merchandise. This is because during maturation, bruised country will developed into soft, dark part and susceptible to secondary microbic infection ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 1.1.2 Pest and diseases in the field Harmonizing to Martins, Ventura, Lima, Culik, Costa and Ferreira ( 2012 ) , pest of quarantine Mediterranean fruit fly,Ceratitis capitatais normally merely infests papaya fruits while still green. While papaya gluey disease is an intense and self-generated exudate of latex that is more unstable than normal. When the exudate of latex are oxidize and darken, dark runs are formed on the papaia fruits and giving them a blackish visual aspect. The fruit from workss infected with the virus are infested with fruit flies while still in a green and immature phase. St. martinset Al.( 2012 ) besides mentioned that infestation of papaia fruits by fruit flies with gluey disease was associated with a decreased degree of benzyl-isothiocyanate ( BITC ) , which is a natural chemical compound in the latex of papaia fruit that associated with opposition to fruit flies. 1.2 Control in crop 1.2.1 Proper managing during crop Good planning that involve harvest operation in good clip, full supervising at all phases of reaping and field handling could cut down the loss of crop ( FAO, 1989 ) . The mechanical hurt of papaya fruits can be reduced by utilizing rounded terminals of reaping scissors or knives to forestall punctures. The bead height during reassigning fruit to containers should be minimized to forestall bruising occurred. Root of the papaia fruit should be trimmed after crop to guarantee no fruit rubbing occur. Besides that, reap labor should be trained so they able to place and reap the right adulthood of papaya fruits with gently managing procedure. They are recommended to have on baseball mitts during crop and managing procedure to avoid doing harm to papaya fruits ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Proper storage of papaia fruits prior delivered to packing house is besides of import to command the loss of crop. The papaya fruits can be placed in individual bed into shallow, light coloured field crates with a froth bed for buffering. The harvest containers should be smooth and free of crisp border. In add-on, the field containers could non be overfilled. After that, the field crates should be placed in shaded conditions that are protected from the Sun and rain. The motion of papaya fruits can be minimized if excess attentions are being taken ; hence happening of fruit bruising could be reduced ( Medinaet Al. , 2003 ) . 1.2.2 Program of Risk Reduction of Infestation byTephritidsFruit Flies ( Systems Approach ) Harmonizing to St. martinset Al.( 2012 ) , the Program of Risk Reduction of Infestation by Tephritids ( System Approach ) has a strong biological and ecological base and it is able to cut down the hazard of infestation by the plague to about nothing. In this system, the papaia fruits are harvested in early phases of adulthood due to low hazard of infestation by fruit flies as the nowadays of natural chemical compound benzyl-isothiocyanate ( BITC ) in the latex of the fruits contain certain toxicity to the fruit flies. BITC has ovicidal and oviposition suppression activity against fruit flies. However, the concentration of BITC is decreased with the ripening of the papaia fruits, causes the mature fruit more susceptible to infestation by these insects. This system besides fixed that the papaia fruits for export should be harvested before they past the phase 2 of adulthood and the bring forthing Fieldss can non incorporate fruits with over phase 3 of adulthood. The gluey disease of pap aya fruits can be controlled by roguing the papaia workss at the beginning of the ocular visual aspect of the disease symptoms. Furthermore, harvest labor should carry on pattern of non go forthing papaia fruits beyond the phase 3 of adulthood in the field. It is besides of import to guarantee the phytosanitary quality of the field and quarantine security for the fruit flies in papaia fruits ( St. martinset al. ,2012 ) . 2.0 Packing house operation Packing house operations are the procedure needed to fix the papaia fruits for sale. There are several interventions being conducted to minimise the quality losingss of papaya fruits. Based on the journal article written by Bautista-Banoset Al.( 2013 ) , postharvest managing operation of the fruit meant for national market and export are different. Basically, the fruit meant for national market are conducted in the field where the fruits are exposed to environmental status, such as sunshine, high comparative humidness and dust while the managing operation of the fruit meant for export are conducted in the wadding house with controlled environmental status ( Bautista-Banoset al. ,2013 ) . A wadding house can be defined as a topographic point protected from conditions for merchandise and forces. It is allowed the fruits been prepared in a centralised handling operation ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Hence, the quality loss of papaya fruits can be reduced through wadding house operation when compar ison to field operation of fruit meant for national market. The interventions for fruit meant to export are harmonizing to the import ordinances of finish states ; include wax-fungicide intervention for disease control and heat or irradiation to minimise insect infestation ( Bautista-Banoset al. ,2013 ) . By and large, the operations in packing house include remotion of unmerchantable stuff, screening by adulthood and/or size, rating and packaging ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.1 Loss in packing house 2.1.1 Physiological impairment There are several choice loss of papaya fruits during packing house operation, includes bruising, tan, skin scratchs, opposing, insect hurt, and blotched colour. Quality loss of papaya fruits may go on during response of packing house operation, which includes off-loading, look intoing and entering. The jammed containers that do non protected from the Sun and rain could do rapid impairment due to heat and H2O. The long exposure to tropical Sun will do terrible H2O loss from fruits, make them go overripe or softens, produce wilts and off-flavours, every bit good as decay quickly. Cleaning or lavation, and size scaling operation may besides do bruising. Besides that, the improper stacking of papaia fruits await for conveyance such as containers with overfilled or stacked excessively high will damage the fruits. This is because the hapless airing will do overheating and lead to rapid impairment ( high rate of respiration ) of papaia fruits. Careless managing such as dropping or throwing on fruits and jammed container during procedure of rating can besides do the high wet content and soft texture of papaia fruits susceptible to mechanical hurt include internal bruising and scratched on the tegument of fruits. The harm to the tegument of fruits will bring on early decay of papaia fruits. The hurts can go the entry points for disease beings doing decay, at the same clip H2O loss from damaged country will be increased, doing an addition rate of normal physiological dislocation. The internal bruising could do internal stain of papaia fruits due to the damaged tissues, and off-flavours because of unnatural physiological reactions in damaged parts ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.1.2 Disease and Pest In response phases of packing house operation, there will be soiled with dirt, dust and decaying works stuffs. So the cross taint of those contaminations may go on during cleaned, sorted and packed operation. The post-harvest disease can be spread by field crates contaminated by dirt or decaying works stuffs, contaminated H2O used to rinse fruits, disintegrating rejected fruits left lying around the wadding house and taint healthy fruits in bundles. Postharvest spread of pest infestation could go on when the fruits are exposed to drawn-out periods of conveyance to packing house ( FAO, 1989 ) . 2.2 Control in packing house 2.2.1 Effectiveness in response The clip between crop and bringing of the packaged fruit merchandise should be minimized by a good readying and packing operations design. However the response country, where is weighing, numbering or quality analysing the harvested fruits before come ining the works could detain the processing, and may do the fruits are exposed to the Sun. Therefore, good record maintaining should be practiced to do the response work more efficaciously. Besides that, during dumping of fruits onto packing house eating lines, bead decelerators are of import to minimise the mechanical hurt and command the flow of fruits. Less bruising can be occurred if H2O dunking procedure is applied. This procedure can besides rinse away the soil from the field. In add-on, by chlorination of rinsing Waterss with 50-200ppm of active Cl could extinguish the Fungi spores and bacteriums on the surface of morbid fruits. Hence, the taint of healthy fruit can be prevented. Besides that, response country should form the ope ration in the order it is received: foremost in first out ( FAO, 1989 ) . Furthermore, the suited stacking form of crates can lend to command air flow through green goods. 2.2.2 Waxing Waxing operation can minimise desiccation and widen the postharvest life of papaia fruits through replacing the natural waxes that are removed by rinsing. Waxing can besides seal the little lesions that are produced during crop ( Camelo, 2002 ) . Waxes can move as bearers of some antifungals every bit good as improve visual aspect of the papaia fruits by increasing radiance of fruit tegument. Waxing can be applied through crop-dusting or foaming, or submergence and dripping etc. Soft coppices or rollers can be used to guarantee the unvarying distribution of waxes on the surface of papaya fruit. However, heavy application of waxes can barricade fruit gas exchange and bring forth tissue asphyxia, finally cause internal blackening and development of off-flavours and off-odours of fruit ( Camelo, 2002 ) . 2.2.3 Pest and disease control Antifungals can be applied to suppress or cut down the sprouting of spores without complete suppress the disease. Chlorine and sulfur dioxide are the illustration of antifungals that normally used. By adding 50 to 200ppm of Cl into H2O, it can cut down the figure of microorganisms nowadays on the surface of the fruit. However, the growing of pathogen that had existed in the fruit can non be stop. Hence, it is of import to use fumigants such as S dioxide to command the postharvest diseases. Besides that, heat intervention can besides command the insect and Fungi that nowadays on the fruits. From the diary articles written by Singh ( 2010 ) , the methods for conserving papaya include H2O heat intervention, forced hot air, UV and gamma irradiation, low temperature, low and high force per unit area, man-made edible/non-edible fruit coatings etc.Colletotrichum gloeosporioidesdecay of papaia can be reduced through hot H2O dip intervention at 44OC. While soft putrefactions caused by Rhizopus can be reduced through 20 proceedingss of hot H2O intervention at 49OC followed by immediate cold H2O intervention. The other heat intervention included force-air treated and dry or vapour heat treated can be used for disinfections of fruit flies on papaia. Low doses of UV and gamma irradiation can be applied to protect and widen the shelf life of papaia. Harmonizing to Abeywickrama, Wijeratha, Rajapaksha, Sarananda, and Kannangara ( 2012 ) , latex drippage that could stain papaias and make defect on the ocular entreaty and quality of papaia can be prevented by rinsing the papaia with 1 % w/v of Na aluminum sulfate ( alum ) . Besides that, the indispensable oils such as Indian sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and West Indian Lemongrass (Cymbopogon citrates) can be sprayed on the papaia after reaping to widen the storage life and exhibit fungicidal consequence. Their surveies showed that the papaia at 25 % of adulthood washed in ( 1 % w/v ) alum and followed by spraying ( 0.16 % v/v ) basil oil to the papaia can widen shelf life of papaia to 14 yearss at 12-14OC. Mention Abeywickrama, K. , Wijeratha, C. , Rajapaksha, N. , Sarananda, K. and Kannangara, S. 2012. Control Strategies for Extending Storage Life of Papaya (Carica papaia ), Cultivars Red Lady’ and Rathna’ .Ceylon Journal of Science ( Bio. Sci. ) .41( 1 ) :27-34. Bautista-Banos, S. , Sivakumar, D. , Bello-Perez, A. , Villanueva-Arce, R. and Hernandez-Lopez, M. 2013. A Reappraisal of The Management Alternatives for Controlling Fungi on Papaya Fruit during The Postharvest Supply Chain.Crop Protection.49:8-20. Camelo, A. F. L. 2002. Manual for The Preparation and Sale of Fruits and Vegetables. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/3/a-y4893e/y4893e04.htm Retrieved on 10 December 2014. FAO. 1989. Prevention of Post-harvest Food Losses Fruits, Vegetables and Root Crops A Training Manual. hypertext transfer protocol: //www.fao.org/docrep/t0073e/T0073E00.htm Retrieved on 11 December 2014. St. martins, D. S. , Ventura, J. A. , Lima, R. C. A. , Culik, M. P. , Costa, H. and Ferreira, P. S. F. 2012. Interaction between Papaya Meleira Virus ( PMeV ) Infection of Papaya Plants and Mediterranean Fruit Fly Infestation of Fruits.Crop Protection.36:7-10. Medina, J. D. L. C. , Gutierrez, G. V. and Garcia, H. S. 2003.Papaya: Post-harvest Operation.United State: FAO. Singh, P. 2010. Progresss in Control of Post-harvest Diseases of Papaya Fruit – A Review.Agricultural Reviews.31( 3 ) :194-202.

neutral principles essays

neutral principles essays "As a legal system grows, the remedies that it affords substantially proliferate, a development to which the courts contribute, but in which the legislature has an even larger hand. There has been major growth of this kind in our system..." 1 Weschler argues that evidence for general jurisdiction is present in the constitutional text itself, and because of this, judges have a duty to look to principles. I will examine the arguments Weschler gives to support his basis for jurisdiction. There are situations where the neutral solution to principles is difficult to determine, and no action is taken to make changes to the law. In the case of US drug law, neutrality of principles is difficult to determine because each side of the argument has reasons that support their view. I recognize the benefit Weschler's chain of reasoning has given to a legal system, but I will highlight an aspect of the legal system that is inconsistent according to a neutrality of principles. Weschler believes judges have a duty to follow principles. He begins the argument by redefining the basis for jurisdiction given to him by Judge Hand. Judge Hand's definition is one in which jurisprudence is "not a logical deduction from the structure of the Constitution but only a practical condition upon its successful operation, it need not be exercised whenever a court sees, or thinks that it sees, an invasion of the Constitution." 2 Weschler disagrees on two aspects. First, he indicates there is textual representation in the US constitution for jurisdiction. This is to be found in a construed meaning of the supremacy clause. 3 Secondly, he states judges have a duty to jurisdiction. "For me, as for anyone who finds the judicial power anchored in the Constitution, there is no such escape from the judicial obligation..." 4 If they have the duty, then judges must look to principles if they are relevant to the case. Furthermore, there needs to b ...

Watergate scam. Usa Vs Nixon Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Watergate scam. Usa Vs Nixon - Term Paper Example The mentioned scandal came to surface during the year 1972 when the electioneering campaign between Mr. George McGovern and Mr. Richard Nixon was on the boom. Well before winning the Presidential election, five people inclusive of white house staff and political workers made their unauthorized entry into the Democratic Headquarters located at Watergate complex in Washington D.C (Kutler 510). In order to investigate the matter of doors broken opened of Democratic Headquarters by the staff and political workers of Nixon’s Party who run the electioneering campaign aims at to steal material information and important files that relates to election strategy. Upon disclosure of the committed crime, initially Mr. Nixon assigned the task to Mr. Cox to investigate the matter. Later on he dismissed him for non-co-operation. The forced departure of Mr. Cox, Mr. Richardson and Mr. Ruckelshaus considered in the American history as â€Å"Saturday Night Massacre† (Trachtman 131). With the dismissal of said gentleman, mounting public pressures compelled Mr. Nixon to appoint another investigator. Hence, Mr. Jaworski appointed to probe the matter. To accomplish the task he got subpoena order that enables him to have an access to relevant tapes and documents which were in the possession of Mr. Nixon. The conversations that contains in the tapes led to the involvement of indicted persons in the scam (Trachtman 131). On the disclosure of his involvement in the Watergate scam, Nixon’s counsel requested the competent court of law to quash president from accountability since he is as powerful as Louis XIV for a term of four years; therefore he is not answerable to any court of law except the impeachment court. The competent court of law turned down the plea and ordered the president to hand over the investigative material to the investigator (Kutler 510). On the order of the subordinate court, the attorney of Mr. Nixon referred the matter to the Supreme Court and t he court hardly taken three weeks time to decide the case. In that case the apex court focused on two issues a) indictment of president b) president prerogative of immunity. Firstly the court found involvement of Mr. President in conversation with the staff of white house concerning Watergate scam. Secondly the court rejected the plea of absolute power of the president. The president was of the view that being a president he has the absolute right and privilege of immunity. Further, the court held that only the attorney general void the prosecution commission which he refused to do so, therefore, the executive branch and other two branches are bound to implement it. The president had no choice but to enforce the decision in its true spirit (Kutler 511). The fear of impeachment and prosecution in the Senate which led to the removal of President forced him to resign from his office in August 1974. So far he was the only president in the history of United States of America who resigned from his office. This has further established the authority of Supreme Court as judicial branch to monitor the activities of executive branch if any of its action is ultra virus to the constitution and the law of the land in vogue (Trachtman 133). Chief Justice Warren Burger of the Supreme Court of America in his land mark decision held that "However, neither the doctrine of separation of powers nor the need for confidentiality of high level communication without more can sustain an absolute, unqualified Presidential privilege of immunity from judicial process under all circumstances† (Lively and Weaver 3). The apex court while acknowledging the right of

We Can But Should We Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

We Can But Should We - Research Paper Example ) The company has already announced that about 280 people from New Jersey have consented to having chips implanted under their skin that contain health records for the trial use of the technology. (p. 65) The most important use of the human implantable chip, hence, is quick and reliable access to communication, including its communication and processing, without the need for another device. For instance, people could use a laptop, a flash disk or a cellular phone to store and transmit data, which could be lost, including the information they have, in the process. This will not be the case with the chip because it has to be implanted in the human body. According to Edwards (2005), chip implants are beneficial because it, in effect, would simplify life by making it possible to do away with driver’s licenses, passports, and other identification necessary in order to avail services such healthcare. (p. 164) The chip mentioned earlier, as manufactured by Applied Digital Solutions, contains a 16-digit number that communicates with a scanner. The process links the chip, including the identification and information stored therein, to the medical facility’s electronic database. This is seen as most beneficial to those patients entered into the emergency rooms after an accident or severe trauma. If the patient is unconscious or unable identify himself as well as his medical history, the chip could prove extremely useful. The information on the chip would allow the hospital to determine â€Å"family contact information, recent lab results, pharmacy prescription information and medical information.† (Hunt, Puglia and Puglia, p. 65) So far, the body of literature on the subject is silent in regards to the health risk of the healthcare chip. It is supposedly as small as a grain of rice and seems to pose no real danger to its bearer. What this means is that the most significant drawback to chip implantation is the ethical question. The groups raising opposition to the chip

Why Was Slavery Abolished Essay Example for Free

Why Was Slavery Abolished Essay Slavery was the trade that during the 18th and 19th centuries provided the West Indies and places like it with males and females to do work on the plantations. The slaves were wanted to make the plantation owners work a lot easier. They were split into three groups known as gangs according to their health and physique. The first gang consisted of the strongest and healthiest and they cleared, holed and planted the ground before crop time and cut the canes, fed the mills and attended to the manufacture of sugar during crop time. Gang two included the young boys and girls and pregnant females. They weeded the canes and did other light work. The third and final gang were the very young children who collected green food for the animals and tended the garden. They were looked after by an old woman. Slavery was abolished in 1833, this was due to a number of reasons Before it was a vital aspect in upholding the entire western economy, the slave trade was already heavily established within Africa itself. Even Though Britain and the Americans were the most prominent supporters of slavery, it was however the Portuguese who first took advantage of the African Slave Trade; by the end of the 15th century they had exported more than 10,000 slaves to sugar plantations. In 1562 Sir John Hawkins set sail for Africa; carrying valuables and riches that he hoped to trade for slaves. He is believed to be responsible for England’s involvement in the slave trade. Soon the entire British economy would revolve around the exploitation of slaves, making the abolition of slavery out of the question if they wanted to remain wealthy and prosperous. Nevertheless as the slave market continued to increase, people began to question the ethics of the trade itself. In 1689 John Locke, a well practiced British philosopher preached these memorable words â€Å"Slavery is so vile and miserable an estate of man and so directly opposite to the generous temper and the courage of our nation†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As long as slavery had existed there were always outspoken individuals who objected to the practice. As slavery continued to thrive, more and more individuals began to oppose the whole concept of trading in human life. The abolition resistance grew and many court cases regarding the law of ownership were held, this put the High Court into a tricky position. The Current Lord Chief Justice; Lord Mansfield did not want to be responsible for depriving England of more than  £700,000 worth of slave property, yet he knew that slavery could not continue as to much abolition support had been uncovered. On June 22, 1772, Mansfield announced to the high court that slavery should be abolished.

Spirituality and John Coltrane Essay -- Essays Papers

Spirituality and John Coltrane After being fired from Miles Davis's band in 1957 for his chronic use of heroin, John Coltrane was hurt tremendously. He decided it was time he quit using heroin. He took a month off from music while he went "cold turkey." During this month in the early spring of 1957, Coltrane had a momentous religious experience (Nisenson, 40). Coltrane asked God to give him "the means and privilege to make others happy through music" (Coltrane, 1995, 2). As time went on, Coltrane felt that he was leading a life that was "contradictory to the pledge and away from the esteemed path" that he had made to God (Coltrane, 1995, 2). Starting with A Love Supreme (recorded in December, 1964), Coltrane stuck to his pledge. In doing so, Coltrane would seek for the "truth" in sounds, Einstein, the Kabbalah and Sufism. Coltrane's version of God was not limited to denominational name, and this broad palette of spirituality helped guide him through his life and his music until his death on July 16 , 1967. A Little Background John William Coltrane was born September 23, 1926 in Hamlet, North Carolina. He was the grandson of a Reverend, Walter Blair. Blair was the pastor of St. Stephen's African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. John's father, John Robert Coltrane, loved to play the violin and the ukulele (Nisenson, 4). John Coltrane received some of his musical training from the Zion Church his grandfather was the pastor of. First, the young Coltrane played clarinet, and eventually moved to saxophone, which was the instrument he was associated with from that time on. During his earliest days of playing music, the church had an impact on him. But in 1943, he moved to Philade... ...ystery of Humanity: Tranquility and Survival. New York: University Press of America, 1986. Coltrane, John. Live in Japan. Impulse, GRD-4-102, 1991. Coltrane, John. A Love Supreme. Impulse, GRD-155, 1995. Coltrane, John. The Major Works of John Coltrane. Impulse, GRD-2-113, 1992. Coltrane, John. Meditations. Impulse, IMPD-199, 1996. Davis, Miles with Quincy Troupe. Miles: The Autobiography. New York: Touchstone, 1990. Einstein, Albert. Relativity: The Special and General Theory. Trans. Robert W. Lawson. New York: Crown, 1931. Halevi, Z'ev ben Shimon. Kabbalah: Tradition of Hidden Knowledge. London: Thames and Hudson, 1979. Nisenson, Eric. Ascension: John Coltrane and His Quest. New York: St. Martin's, 1993. Thomas, J. C. Chasin' the Trane: The music and mystique of John Coltrane. London: Elm Tree, 1976.

Human Organ Shouldn’t Ligalize Essay

The sale of organs means that organs are removed from inside the body for the purpose of commercial transactions. Although the sales of human organs have been done since long ago, and there are many claims and proposal to make it legal, a lot of oppositions are against this idea. * Money the purpose Considering the poor status of most donors, one of the primary stated reasons for organ selling is to pay off debt. Those who are poorest are frequently seen as more reliable targets for transplant tourists because they are the most in need of money. It is said by the other side that legalizing the organ sale can help people who are in need to continue to survive. But at the same time, it also increases money desire for many poor people. For example, in 2007 a man in UK tried to sell his kidney online for 24,000 pounds in order to pay off his gambling. * Increase crimes and black market Legality of the organ sale would even encourage organ theft through murder and neglect sick individuals for a financial gain. There are many case like beautiful girls or handsome men trying to attract someone and flirting around with them until they agree to go with n end up waking without kidneys. Another example, Few families would turn down the opportunity to receive compensation (ensure financial stability or the dead is the main earner), so they may charge the hospital the same price, or they will turn to black market for higher price. Besides, there might be some criminal who break the promise to pay the donor higher amount for the organ than it was actually paid out or even escape without payment. * Imbalance between the rich and the poor Payment for organ is likely to take unfair advantage of the poor. Even if organ trade is legalized, it is still the third – world wealthy people who can afford the organ for transplantation. And the poor people are still vulnerable and unfortunate because they are the one who always make donation. Moreover, it is injustice to give pure organ to those rich people who usually spending lot of money on drinking, eating, party, and cause the disease by themselves. * Health: The  WHO  first declared organ trade illegal in 1987 *Affect to living donor Although some medical research proved that there are not many effects on the donors with their left organs. However, a question is asked that if it is not so important, why people are born with both organ, for example kidneys or livers. Kidneys or livers do not regenerate as the other human products like blood or sperm. WHO reports has shown that there is decrease in human well being, especially, those who make living on physical labor. 96% of donors regret selling their organs. *Affect to recipient It is risky to introduce trafficking diseased organ to recipients because those donors often comes from the poor population where they don’t live well and receive good health care. There is a possibility of 1:18 to acquire HIV from such transplant. The diseases don’t show up on the screen of the analysis probably because they just start within three weeks before the donor’s death. One more thing is the change of recipients’ body rejecting of organ result from different blood type or genetic make-up. * Ethical concern *Violate human right The state often denies individuals the right to do certain things with their bodies because they may not make good decision for themselves. Furthermore, any procedure which tends to commercialize human organs or to consider them as items of exchange or trade must be considered morally unacceptable, because to use the body as an object is to violate the dignity of the human person. World Health Organization said that the transplantation promotes health but transplantation tourism violates human right. Organs can be bought and sold arbitrarily. *Corruption There is corruption in healthcare system and government and it sometimes turn to organ trafficking. For instance, In India, a patient unaware that his kidney transplant procedure took place and was asked to pay after that. For example, in 2006 China made selling of executed prisoners’ organs and claimed that those prisoners had filed agreement and permission, but still the Chinese officials are suspected of these corrupted activities that the profit might go to them not the donors or their families. * Religion For the religious view, body and soul are one entity and very valuable that cannot be treated as property and make business. Traditionally, Muslim believes that oppose donation from human living and deceased donors because the human body is sacred thing from God so any part of the body must not be separated in life or death. Chinese customs call for people to be buried or cremated with the body complete orginally. One die-hard superstition has it that if an organ is taken from a body after death, the person in question will be reborn with a handicap in that organ in his or her next life. Nowadays, trade in human organs is illegal in all countries except Iran. Before, India and Philippine used to legalize this activity too but it turns out that they ban it later on, and it is clear enough why it couldn’t be practiced. There must be many complicated issues occurred. Solution The solutions have been put forward to both increase the amount of legally available organs and stop the flow of illegal organ trafficking around the world. One policy is â€Å"presumed consent†. (Successful in Brazil, US, several nations of Europe and increase the amount of organs available), patient can choose not to donate by submitting document. Worldwide, the trend has been move toward increased regulation of organ trading internationally.

Goodnight Mr Tom Essay

In the essay, I have to describe and explain the character that I liked and disliked in the text and a response to both parts of the question. The title of the novel is called â€Å"Goodnight Mr Tom† by â€Å"Michelle Magorian†. The character I liked in the novel the most is Willie. This young boy came from the city side where he is treated harshly by his parents. This â€Å"thin and sick-looking pale with limy sandy hair† boy is called Willie in the novel, which he was evacuated out of the city from the causes of the â€Å"Blitz† happening there. He was sent along by his parents into the country side to be protected and kept save away from the bombing. The boy is one passionate kid, he does lots of things like loving the fresh breezes and sunny and â€Å"Little Wier†. Willie is most important and most interesting character in the text. It really made me very curious about him, that way he acted and how was treated when he was young. He clearly was my most liked character by how he was raised by his parents –strict and religious. I liked how his shy, timid, socially and sometimes awkward. This character reflects on me a lot because this how I acted when, I go/enter someone’s home or house. Also I can be sometimes liked this when, I’m in a room of people that I do not know. It creates a visual for me to understand how he felt that time when he was left home with someone who he doesn’t know and that’ll be taking care of him. I also liked the things about Willie is that he has patience’s, he gave the person (Mr Tom) some time so he can understand him a bit better and be able to have some connections. I don’t dislike anything about Willie in the text. He has a great personality, so there’s no need for Willie to have any disliked list or category. But there is more things to like about Willie, like how his sees passion through Zach, Mr Tome, local friends and his painting and his acting. His hobbies are like what ordinary kid do example; us we are young and did all of this things like- Read, Paint, Swimming, Acting and also some music. There’s no other way not to like this character, also he eats/drinks the same thing you do- tea, cake and some lemonade. From the way I described my character, this where I summaries it. My point of this essay is that I choose the character named Willie, not because his then main characters buy by the way he expressed himself from the novel/book. It made a clear understanding of the choosing this character as for my essay.

Which AP Classes Should You Take Planning Guide

Which AP Classes Should You Take Planning Guide SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips So you’ve decided you want to add an AP class to your schedule. Maybe you want to take even more than one! Good for you – taking AP classes is a great way to start challenging yourself in high school. Now comes the hard part: choosing which AP class (or classes) you should take. This guide will walk you through different factors to consider and help you decide on the best AP classes to take. What Steps Should You Take When Deciding on AP Classes? There's a lot more to choosing AP classes than just choosing a course that sounds interesting or that your friends are taking. AP classes can have big benefits, like strengthening your college applications and earning you college credit. However, if you don't choose your AP classes wisely, you could end up in a class that is overwhelming, boring, and/or drags down your GPA because you can't get a high grade in it. By carefully considering which AP classes to take, you can maximize the benefits you get from them while minimizing the drawbacks. Below are six steps you should take to ensure you've considered all the major factors needed for choosing the best AP classes for you. #1: Consider Your Strengths Before you even look too closely atyour school’s available classes, start by thinking about what topics interest you and which subjects you tend to do well in. AP classes can be very difficult even if you're interested in the subject material, so it would be especially challenging to get yourself to study for something you really dislike, even if you think taking a particular AP class will look good on a college application. Instead, you should aim for AP classes that you are interested in and think you can do well in. Explore our list of AP classes to get started. Also think about your favorite classes so far in high school or even back in middle school. Classes you enjoy are a good predictor of the type of AP class you will like and do well in. #2: Learn What Prerequisites You Need Once you have considered your own personal strengths, also think about classes you have taken that could prepare you for an AP class. You shouldn’t jump into an AP class unprepared! Often your school will mandate prerequisites anyway, like requiring pre-calculus before you can take AB or BC Calculus. Some schools even require you to take a placement test to get into certain AP classes! If your school doesn’t have prerequisites, or if you’re having a hard time deciding between classes, think about all of your past preparation. It can be more than just one prior class. For example, if you’ve taken honors English each year since seventh grade and also write on the school newspaper, you would likely be well prepared for AP English Language or AP English Literature. Conversely, say you took Honors Biology last year and didn’t do too well. AP Biology will probably be challenging for you, even though you technically have the prerequisite under your belt. So unless you like biology and are up for the challenge, you shouldn’t force yourself through AP Bio just because you think it will look good on your transcript. In short, consider both your school’s mandatory prerequisites and your own broader preparation. Try and aim for classes you think you are very prepared for, especially if this is your first AP class! Since in an AP class, you will also have to learn how to study for a cumulative exam – in other words a single test that covers a year of material – you should make sure your first AP class is in a subject you do well in. Don’t underestimate the added challenge of the AP exam. #3: Consider Other Skills Certain AP Classes Will Require In this discussion about prerequisite courses, you might be wondering about AP courses like Human Geography, Economics, Computer Science, Psychology and Statistics, which often don’t have direct prerequisites. When considering those classes, think about the skills you have built up – because again, even if your school doesn’t have a prerequisite for those AP classes, you still shouldn’t walk in unprepared. Learning to code in Java for AP Computer Science will likely be a brand new experience, so you should come prepared with strong logic and problem-solving skills! For example, if you want to take Computer Science, Statistics, or Economics, a strong math background is important. Even though you won’t spend tons of time in those classes solving equations, the logic and skills you learn in math classes are necessary to take on CS or Economics. For Psychology, think about how well you do in science and social studies, and also consider how good you are at memorizing things, since you’ll have to master the structure of the brain. For Human Geography, consider how well you do in geography and history courses and whether you enjoy them. Also consider your ability to take a broad idea and apply it to a concrete case study – as an example, are you able to pick out patterns in historical events? This is a skill you will need for Human Geography. To learn more about individual AP courses and the material they cover, see the AP student website. As you read course descriptions, think about how they relate to other classes you have taken and the skills you have. #4: Learn What Specific AP Classes Are Like at Your High School You should also consider which classes are offered at your school and what their reputations are when choosing AP classes. For example, at my high school in Salt Lake City, AP BC Calculus was known as a challenging class with lots of homework. During the second semester, you had to take it for two class periods! In contrast, AP Physics was seen as laid-back, and students were expected to manage most of the studying on their own. Students who needed structure thrived in Calculus, while others who liked to work more independently did well in Physics. But the reverse was also true – some students got burned out by BC Calc, and others didn’t have the motivation to study for Physics and so even though they passed the class, they failed the AP test. That AP Physics class was also famous for building trebuchets and testing them out during school hours. In short, teachers approach AP courses differently. Some expect their students to manage their own studying, like in a real college course. Others make sure their students are prepared by assigning a ton of work. As you choose AP classes and learn about their reputations at your school, think about your own study habits and what kind of classroom environment will help you do your best. There are many other school-specific factors to consider: who teaches the AP classes? What are their pass rates? How hard are the classes themselves to pass? How many students take the class each year? These are questions you can take to your guidance counselor, the AP teachers themselves, teachers who teach the prerequisite classes, or even upperclassmen friends. (Though don’t rely just on student word-of-mouth, since it can be biased!) If your school is adding an AP class for the first time this year, think carefully before taking it – it’s always tough teaching a class for the first time, especially an AP class. There might be some growing pains that first year as the teacher works out the curriculum. Veteran AP teachers are often a safe bet, because they will have strategies for preparing students for the exam. Often they will be involved in AP grading as well, so they will have lots of insight into how to pass the test. #5: Think About How Busy You Are AP classes are big time commitments, especially in the spring (see our post on test dates for tips on dealing with the spring time test crunch). Some teachers require extra study sessions, including on the weekends, to give you time to take practice tests. So before signing up for a slew of AP classes, think about the other commitments you already have. Especially if you have a very time-consuming sport or extracurricular activity, taking more than two or three AP classes could overload your schedule. Even if you have friends who are taking several AP courses, don't feel like you have to keep up with them. Keep your own strengths and limitations in mind. It’s better to pass two exams than to fail four! If you’re not sure if you’ll have the time to take on an AP class, talk to your parents/guardians (or a guidance counselor or teacher if you have a good relationship) for advice. Also find out if you will be able to switch out of the course mid-year if you realize you don’t have enough time for it. #6: Think About Which APs Best Fit Your College and Career Goals AP Exams are a great way to begin exploring future college and career options. They are also a great way to signal on your college applications that you are considering what you want to study in college and are developing the skills for college classes. When I was in high school, I was positive I wanted to study political science or international relations in college. So in addition to activities like Debate and Model United Nations, I also took AP classes like Statistics, World History, US History, US Government, Human Geography, and Environmental Science. All of these courses helped me explore topics and issues that college political science courses tackle, and also gave me skills – from the ability to analyze a poll to being able to break down an article’s viewpoint and bias – that prepared me for political science. Remember to keep your end goal in mind! On my college applications, I was able to show my interest in political science with both my extracurricular activities and the advanced classes I was taking. In addition to my test scores and GPA, being able to show colleges I was serious about what I wanted to study helped me be successful during the application process. In short, think about your future goals and how your class choices now can support them. AP classes are a concrete way to demonstrate on your applications that you are serious about a certain major and have the skills to pursue it. To take another example, if you want to be a doctor, tackling AP Biology and AP Chemistry can give you a taste of what the pre-med major will be like, and you can get a sense of whether you would be up for it. It will also show college admissions officers that you are serious about pre-med. If you’re stuck between two AP choices that otherwise seem good (you’ve taken the prerequisites and they have good teachers), go with the one that you think will be more relevant to your major or future goals. Also keep in mind that taking an AP Language exam, if you’re ready, is a great way to show second language proficiency to colleges. Many colleges offer credit for AP language, so it can free up time for other classes. Summary: The Best AP Classes for You We've covered a lot of important factors in determining which AP courses are the best for you to take. You should first look to your strengths and prerequisites to see what you naturally have a good shot at doing well in. Then, you should look at your personal schedule and find out the reputation of AP classes at your school to figure out which classes you can handle, and which ones are out of reach. Finally, you should consider what kind of applicant you want to appear as to colleges. This will help you plan your coursework to support your goals. What’s Next? Learn more about how AP exams are scored to help you choose. Also check out our post about how many AP classes you should take for advice on an AP schedule for the most selective schools. If you’re serious about APs, you should also be thinking about the SAT and ACT. The first step is deciding which test to tackle, which you can do with our guide. Once you’ve chosen between the ACT and SAT, come up with a target score to help you study! Use our guides for the SAT and ACT to come up with a score based on your top choice schools. If you're shooting for the Ivy League, learn more about the kind of scores you will need. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points?We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

The Legacy of the Qin Dynasty

The Legacy of the Qin Dynasty The Qin Dynasty, pronounced like chin, emerged in 221 BCE. Qin Shihuang, the king of the Qin state at the time, conquered the many feudal territories vying for influence during the bloody Warring States period. He then united them all under one rule, thus putting an end to the notoriously violent chapter in Chinese history that lasted for 200 years. Qin Shihuang was only 38 years old when he came into power. He created the title Emperor (  Ã§Å¡â€¡Ã¥ ¸ ,  Ã‚  hungdà ¬) for himself, and thus is known as  the first emperor of China. While his dynasty only lasted 15 years, the shortest dynastic rule in Chinese history, the impact of the Qin Emperor on China cannot be understated. Although highly controversial, Qin Dynasty policies were very influential in uniting China and maintaining power. The Qin Emperor was famously obsessed with immortality and even spent years trying to find an elixir to eternal life. Though he ultimately died, it would seem that Qin’s quest to live forever was ultimately granted – his practices and policies were carried into the subsequent Han Dynasty and continue to flourish in present-day China.   Here are just a few remnants of Qin’s legacy.   Central Rule The dynasty adhered to Legalist principles, which is a Chinese philosophy that followed strict compliance with  the rule of law. This belief allowed Qin to rule the population from a centralized power structure and proved to be a very effective way to govern. Such a policy, however, did not allow for dissent. Anyone who protested Qins power was quickly and brutally silenced or killed off.   Written Script   Qin instituted a uniform written language. Before then, different regions in China had different languages, dialects, and writing systems. Imposing a universal written language allowed for better communication and implementation of policies. For example, a singular script allowed scholars to share information with a greater number of people. It also led to the sharing of culture that was previously only experienced by a few. Additionally, a single language allowed later dynasties to communicate with nomadic tribes and pass along information on how to negotiate or fight with them. Roads The construction of roads allowed for greater connections between provinces and major cities. The dynasty also standardized the length of axles in carts so that they could all ride on the newly-built roads. Weights and Measures The dynasty standardized all weights and measures, which led to more efficient commerce. This conversion also allowed subsequent dynasties to develop a taxation system. Coinage In another effort to unify the empire, the Qin Dynasty standardized the Chinese currency. Doing so led to greater commerce across more regions.   The Great Wall The Qin Dynasty was responsible for the construction of the Great Wall of China. The Great Wall marked national boundaries and acted as a defensive infrastructure to protect against invading nomadic tribes from the north. However, later dynasties were more expansionist and built beyond Qin’s original wall. Today, the Great Wall of China is easily one of Chinas most iconic pieces of architecture. Terracotta Warriors   Another architectural feat that draws tourists to China is the enormous tomb in present-day Xian filled with terracotta warriors. This is also a part of Qin Shihuangs legacy. When Qin Shihuang died, he was buried in a tomb accompanied by an army of hundreds of thousands of terracotta soldiers that were supposed to protect him in his afterlife. The tomb was uncovered by farmers  digging for a well in 1974.   Strong Personality One other lasting impact of the Qin Dynasty is the influence of a leader’s personality in China. Qin Shihuang’s relied on his top-down method of ruling, and, on the whole, people conformed to his rule because of the power of his personality. Many subjects followed Qin because he showed them something larger than their local kingdomsa visionary idea of a cohesive nation-state. While this is a very effective way to rule, once the leader dies, so can his dynasty. After Qin Shihuang’s death in 210 BCE, his son, and later his grandson, took power, but both were short-lived. The Qin Dynasty came to a close in 206 BCE, just four years after Qin Shihuang’s death. Almost immediately following his death, the same warring states that he unified sprang up again and China was again under numerous leaders until it was unified under the  Han Dynasty. The Han would last over 400 years, but much of its practices were started in the Qin Dynasty. Similarities in charismatic cult personalities can be seen in subsequent leaders in Chinese history, such as Chairman Mao Zedong. In fact, Mao actually likened himself to Emperor Qin.   Representation in Pop Culture Qin was  popularized in Eastern and Western media in Chinese Director Zhang Yimou’s 2002 film Hero. While some criticized the movie for advocating totalitarianism, movie-goers went to see it in droves. A hit in China and Hong Kong, when it opened to North American audiences in 2004, it was the number one movie and grossed $18 million in its opening weekend – a rarity for a foreign film.

Refactoring Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Refactoring - Essay Example This is where refactoring will come in handy. Refactoring is a method of altering the code of a software in various ways so it can easily be understood and the cost of modifying the code will be minimal. Refactoring does not change the observable behavior of the program. All changes are done internally just for the purpose of making the code more flexible and reusable. Maintaining the program's observable behavior is crucial to refactoring. Automated testing for each aspect of the software can be done to ensure the consistency of the observable behavior of the program. Refactoring reduces the degradation of an application over time by helping the developers easily maintain it. It is like cleaning up the program's code. It also makes the program easier to understand in the long run. Since one of the principles of refactoring is for it to be done in small steps, it can help the developer find bugs after testing each small step. And since you can easily find bugs, the time spent fixing them would be lesser. Thus, it will allow for more additional features to be added in the program. Refactoring, however, may not be applicable to all program codes. If a code seems to be a total mess, really difficult to understand and has a lot of bugs, then it might be better to rewrite the whole thing than just refactoring it.

Introspection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Introspection - Essay Example The depth of introspection a person has concerning ethical beliefs depends on their life experiences. An example would be a child raised in a monastery, who later becomes a monk. This child believes what he has been taught but also spends much time in prayer. This child has been taught about the sins of man. He then introspectively searches his soul for his sins. This allows for him to be a more ethical person. On the other hand, if a child is raised in a monastery, but physically or sexually abused by a priest, this child might not have high ethics. This child might even grow up to abuse other children since the cycle tends to repeat themselves. Experiences determine an individual’s ethics. Ethical beliefs can change over time. In fact, ethical beliefs change and grow as a person ages. A child might lie for fear of disapproval, but grow and become a truthful adult. Children learn as they grow. Another example would be a two-year-old might hit other children, but find out later hitting is wrong. It depends on how time and experiences change a child. Adults guide children’s ethics, but in the end, experiences dictate a child’s ethics and introspection. Finally, the true test of ethics is the reason behind an individual’s beliefs. If a person does not steal or commit murder for fear of prison, they are law abiding, not truly ethical. If a person does not steal because it is wrong, this makes them ethical. When a person thinks of others and how they feel; about what is right and wrong, then they are ethical.