Gender Differences in Advertisements Essay Example for Free

Gender Differences in Advertisements EssayIt has been evident for the past decades that advertisers still use stereotyped images of men and women in their advertisements. This freighter say that the pursuit for equality is still not grasped by the society. The images we see in magazines, in televisions, in billboards portray a very(prenominal) senior perception of gender, especially the inferiority and submissive nature of women, with their bodies used as undefiled sexual objects, if not, still used as household cargontakers. Women be likewise deemed to be beautiful if they nonplus slim bodies, fair complexion and long shiny hair. Men, on the other hand, be portrayed to be strong, dominant and made in their careers. For this essay, I will be showing two examples of images, which reveals the still existing gender inequality. I will be referring to some themes and issues to support my arguments. Also, for my fundamental epitome of advertisements, I will be using Katherin e Friths 1998 approach in Undressing the Ad Reading Culture in Advertising Lukas, 2002. It includes a emerge meaning, the advertisers intended meaning, and the cultural or ideological meaning.For the semiotic level, which connotes the social themes in advertisements, I will be app deception Erving Goffmans 1979 approach in Gender Advertisements. For the set-back example, I will use the Gucci Magazine advertisement as shown in Figure 1 in the appendix. Just by sounding at the picture, you evict already see that there is gender inequality. Before dwelling into that, I will first apply a basic analysis of the ad. 1. The Surface Meaning It back tooth be seen that there are two subjects in the picture. It is very evident that one is female, era the other one can be assumed to be male.It is because of its masculine features, as seen in the upper body though the face was not explicitly shown. The female is down on the floor, touching the shoes of the male. She is wearing a titillat ing gold dress. The male is standing, wearing only khaki pants. Both clothing are assumed to be under the brand, Gucci. The setting is in the desert and the overall appeal of the image is very earthy. There are no words or taglines in the ad, respectable Gucci. 2. Advertisers Intended Meaning The advertiser might be showcasing the earthy tones and summer styles of Gucci, as seen in the very comfortable and breezy change state the subjects are wearing.There is still a certain class in the style, whether you put them in the dessert or just wherever. 3. Cultural or ideologic Meaning The picture obviously depicts the dominance of males over females. To be more detailed, we use Goffmans approach by taking into consideration the social themes being depicted here. The positioning of the subject explicitly exposes gender bias. The man is standing while woman is down on floor. It just shows that men are in control and have power over women. The woman is way below under his legs, at his fe et to be exact. She is even touching his shoes.It reminds me of a servant, wiping the dirt of his headwaiter in the desert. The woman here really looked inferior and if we extend the picture upward, exposing the face of the man, it can be that he is looking down on her, beholding the contraction of his abdomen in the picture. Moreover, such display of abs connotes a very masculine and strong appeal. We know that men who have well developed abs are the ones who are the most physically fit. The woman on one hand is thin and sexy, with her body parts, especially the legs and the cleavage, generally open(a).Reexamining the Nature/Culture Paradigm, we are reminded of the tumid perspective, which organizes the relationships of male and female Tilleuil, 2002. The woman is labeled as the dominated and the man is labeled as the dominant. According to the sociologist, Claude Herne, In the advertising image, in order to move over the woman feel inferior, signs multiply and underline the w eakness, the lack of self-confidence, fragility, hesitation, dissimulation, entree, childishness and infantilization, too. Tilleuil, 2002. This signs are very well depicted in this ad.The woman looks fragile, and she displays a look of submission in her eyes, like a slave. This leads us to another example of an advertisement, which now depicts heavy strength to women. The ad to be examined here is figure 2 of the appendix. It is an ad from Dolce and Gabbana. 1. The Surface Meaning In the ad, there are six subjects. There are five males and one female. It looks like they are in a rooftop of some resort/hotel. Some men are wearing fitted Polos, while others are half naked. Their skins are very shiny. It looks like theres anele or sweat in them.One man is on top of the woman, while others are watching intently to the scene in the middle. The woman is lying down on the floor, wearing a sexy black dress and high heels. 2. Advertisers Intended Meaning The advertiser here is showcasing the sexy formal styles of Dolce and Gabbana, with their breezy polos, classy dresses. It looks like the clothing is part of their summer collection. 3. Cultural or Ideological Meaning/Goffmans approach It is very evident in the picture that the scene is depicting a gang rape. This is extreme sexual violence right at your eyes.Such violence is even portrayed in classy way, with the clothing of Dolce and Gabbana at display. We look back to the inferiority and submissiveness of the woman here. The woman is again down on the floor, but this time, she is lying down, about to be raped by the first guy on top of her. But we also see here that they are being watched by other men. One of them is already topless, while, one is semi-buttoned, with his chest exposed. There is also one who is only wearing a sleeveless undershirt, while the last guy is still fully dressed up. They all have this sultry look to the woman.The woman here is about to give herself to the man, with her hips going upwar d. Yet, you can see that the man is locking her arms in the floor, and it looks like she cannot get away with his grasp. The woman has been the subject of sexual cheer. Violence here is part of the pleasure package. As we have been exposed in the media, we can recall about the whipping, the slapping of women, their being tied up to different places, exposing a lot of skin, with their bodies being wrought to different erotic positions. In most cases women are victims of such violence, since men being tied up would not be a delightful agglomerate for them.Overall, as seen in most advertisements, women are always the weaker player, being taken advantaged of men, who are more superior. Women are still being depicted as mere objects of sexual desire Sharabi, n. d. . Women are seen only as domestic providers, who do not have their own decision making powers. According to the blog of miss of Liberty 2007, she said that the following are some important points to take note in advertiseme nts 1. Canting It can be seen through the body language that women are submissive and they have low self-confidence. For our examples, it is explicitly shown with the woman on the floor, with no control. 2.Clowning It can be seen that women are usually posed like an cleared child in the ads, which connotes ignorance (stupidity perhaps) and practically it tells us that women are easily dominated. 3. Dependence Women are seen to be very dependent to men, which can be particularly set up in the first advertisement, where the woman is touching the shoes of the man. 4. Dismemberment Dismemberment is described as focusing on a particular body part. However, for our first example, it was the man who was dismembered. 5. Dominance/violence This is evidently seen in both of our examples, especially in the Dolce and Gabbana ad, which depicts a gang rape.I think ads these days have become more violent and more associated to sex than ever before, due to change of perception of our society. Sex and violence is not a taboo anymore, and we can just openly discuss those issues in a coffee table. However, being a more open society must teach us to be less discriminating and degrading. Women and men were created equally. More ads should focus on empowering women, like what is happening in Dove. We must not let ourselves, especially our children to be exposed to such violence because images convey very powerful images and it can impact ones behavior.

The Banking Concept of Education Essay Example for Free

The Banking Concept of Education EssayStudents have mastered the acquaintance of memory. The ability to recall facts from class is the way to success in most forms of schooling. Memorization of vocabulary cards, overhead notes, outlines, and harvested concepts will lead to students expected achievement of A marks. Many educators and students do not know that this trunk of cultivation is not just ineffective, but it is harmful.Paulo Freire talks about the banking concept of education, explaining that students in this system are receptacles that are to be filled with the content of the teachers narration. (Freire, 1) These receptacles are expected to regurgitate information given in class, on tests, quizzes, and anything that requires an answer that is record for word what the teacher says. In a banking classroom, the teacher is the authority and the students are oppressed. Freire writes, The more students work at storing deposits entrusted to them, the less they develop th e detailed consciousness which would end from their intervention in the world as transformers of that world. (Freire, 2).To escape this system of students striving to lose critical consciousness, Freire argues, and I agree that mutual humanization moldiness occur. Students and teachers must become partners in critical thinking. Freire argues that banking educational goals must be forgotten, and teachers should, replace it with the posing of the problems of human beings in their relations with the world. (Freire, 5)Problem posing education focuses on concepts that have praxis, practical application of theories or concepts learned through education. Students must be able to see that what they learn in the classroom can help them change the world. This realization enables them to engage in praxis. When students are given problems as opposed to only information, the process becomes less anomic and more practical.When there is no right answer, students are pitted with the task of crit ical thinking, and praxis. The bottom line is that education should provide tools and practice in critical thinking for students, not absolute answers. I completely agree with Freires argument in this chapter. In fact, I feel that it is one of the most important pieces of educational literature that I have ever encountered.

Effect of Short Message System Reminder on Medicine Regime

Effect of Short Message System Reminder on practice of medicine RegimeEffect of Short Message System reminder on bond paper with recom manpowerded regimen among Ischemic Heart Disease patients.IntroductionIschemic aggregate disease is the narrowing of coronary thrombosis artery by a plaque which composed of fat material, according to World Health Organization (WHO) ischemic magnetic core disease (IHD) is the first lending cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide, accounting for 13.3% of death cases (World Health Organization, 2011). 75% of death and 82% of disability adjusted intent years (DALY) in low and middle-income countries occur due to IHD (Gaziano, Bitton, Anand, Abrahams-Gessel, Murphy, 2010), in Jordan IHD account for 18% of death cases, being the first leading cause of death (CDC, 2013). tho survival set up of IHD increase recently (Piepoli et al., 2010). Patients discharge to their homes within five days (Saczynski et al., 2010), and the progress of healing af ter discharge demands an loadive cargon planning, particularly, those who are newly diagnosed with IHD.After discharge patients encounter a challenge time (Eshah Bond, 2009), and life style changes include, adherence with eating heart- healthy provender, adherence with regular personal operation, and adherence with medicine have ascertained by American Herat connection and considered from moderate and healthful evidence (Eckel et al., 2013). adherence with these recommendations are associated with decrease readmission and mortality rate (Heran et al., 2011) , however few citizenry adhere with recommended guidelines (Martin, Williams, Haskard, DiMatteo, 2005).Non adherence, one of the most important obstacle for successful treatment, is a widespread health problem that threat the health and cause a valuable economical burden as well (Martin et al., 2005). Non adherence to healthy lifestyle including eating unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, locoweed, and non compliance w ith medication are known to increase the development and progression of IHD (Danaei et al., 2009). On the other direction adherence with healthy lifestyle would decrease the burden of IHD (Chiuve, McCullough, Sacks, Rimm, 2006).Medication adherence refers to whether patients take their medications as confirming, as well as whether they continue to take a prescribed medication (Ho, Bryson, Rumsfeld, 2009). Medication non adherence is a major normal health problem (Desai Choudhry, 2013). The immediate time after discharge is a high risk period for non adherence (Baroletti DellOrfano, 2010), in which 24% of patients dont adhere to their prescribed medication (Jackevicius, Li, Tu, 2008). After six weeks of discharge one forth of patients didnt adhere to prescribed medications (Mathews et al., 2012) and 80% on the long term (DiMatteo, 2004). Non adherence to medication lead to progression of the disease, increase readmission, increase mortality rate, and increase health care cost Smoking is so widespread (WHO,2007), and one of the ten strongest risk cipher of IHD (Goff et al., 2013), although non adherence with healthy diet, medication, inactivity all are attributing risk computes for development and progression of IHD, smoking has a significant effect of all risk factor (CDC). Smokers have double to four times to develop IHD than non-smokers (CDC). However quit smoking is the single most effective measure to prevent IHD (Goff et al., 2013).A strong evidence exist about the casual relationship between diet and IHD (Mente, de Koning, Shannon, Anand, 2009). Eating unhealthy diet lead to increase blood cholesterol level, ontogeny of hypertension and diabetes mellitus, obesity, and eventually metabolic syndrome which all are modifiable risk factors for IHD (Goff et al., 2013). However eating vegetables, nuts and mono-saturated fatty acid are among protective habits for taproom of IHD progression (Mente et al., 2009).Non adherence to physical activity in dif ferent culture and societies are common (Rodrigues, Joo, Gallani, givelio, Alexandre, 2013). The proportion of adults who meet the recommended guidelines of American Heart Association (AHA) for regular physical activity has reduced over time (Roger et al., 2012). A recent meta analysis has been shown that an inverse relationship exist between physical activity and increasing risk of IHD those patients who didnt do physical activity are 10-20 more risky than who do moderate physical activity and 20-30 more risky than who do high physical activity (Li Siegrist, 2012).To decrease the effect of IHD and prevent its progression secondary prevention programs done and rehabilitation centers are found, However few people attend these programs regularly (Bjarnason-Wehrens et al., 2010). Many obstacles hinder the attendance of these programs include logistic barriers like transportation difficulties, financial cost, and embarrassment of attendance (Neubeck et al., 2012). So more feasible, e conomical, and provide privacy for patient method is required as alternative.Tele-health, which define as the use of different type of modern information and technology to contribute t clinical support and to improve health (WHO,2009), is more economical, feasible, and provide the patients privacy. The use of mobile is growing faster and faster, and many patients have mobiles (Deng, 2013). Many studies done apply technology to improve adherence among patients, especially Short Message System (SMS) in high technologic counties (Dale et al., 2014 Khonsari et al., 2014). To my cognition this is the first study done to assess the effect of use of telehealth in a less technology-dependent countries.So the purpose of the study is examine the effect of short message system (SMS) on medication, healthy diet, smoking cessation and physical activity adherence among IHD patients.Research hypotheses patients who will receive reminder message will be more adherent to medication, healthy diet , smoking cessation and physical activity than those who will not.ReferencesBaroletti, S., DellOrfano, H. (2010). Medication adherence in cardiovascular disease. Circulation, 121(12), 1455-1458.Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., McGee, H., Zwisler, A.-D., Piepoli, M. F., Benzer, W., Schmid, J.-P., . . . Niebauer, J. (2010). Cardiac rehabilitation in Europe results from the European cardiac rehabilitation Inventory survey. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation, 17(4), 410-418.Chiuve, S. E., McCullough, M. L., Sacks, F. M., Rimm, E. B. (2006). Healthy lifestyle factors in the primary prevention of coronary heart disease among men benefits among users and nonusers of lipid-lowering and antihypertensive medications. Circulation, 114(2), 160-167.Dale, L. P., Whittaker, R., Jiang, Y., Stewart, R., Rolleston, A., Maddison, R. (2014). Improving coronary heart disease self-management using mobile technologies (Text4Heart) a randomised controlled trial protocol. Trials, 15(1), 71 .Danaei, G., Ding, E. L., Mozaffarian, D., Taylor, B., Rehm, J., Murray, C. J., Ezzati, M. (2009). The preventable causes of death in the United States comparative degree risk assessment of dietary, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. PLoS medicine, 6(4), e1000058.Deng, Z. (2013). Understanding exoteric users adoption of mobile health service. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 11(4), 351-373.Desai, N. R., Choudhry, N. K. (2013). Impediments to adherence to post myocardial infarction medications. Research Support, Non-U.S. GovtReview. Curr Cardiol Rep, 15(1), 322. inside 10.1007/s11886-012-0322-6DiMatteo, M. R. (2004). Variations in patients adherence to medical recommendations a quantitative review of 50 years of research. Medical care, 42(3), 200-209.Eckel, R. H., Jakicic, J. M., Ard, J. D., Miller, N. H., Hubbard, V. S., Nonas, C. A., . . . Smith, S. C. (2013). 2013 AHA/ACC Guideline on Lifestyle circumspection to Reduce Cardiovascular RiskA Report of the Amer ican College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on come Guidelines. Journal of the American College of Cardiology.Eshah, N., Bond, A. (2009). Acute myocardial infarction survivors experiences a qualitative literature review. J Med J 43(3), 238-264.Gaziano, T. A., Bitton, A., Anand, S., Abrahams-Gessel, S., Murphy, A. (2010). Growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low-and middle-income countries. Current problems in cardiology, 35(2), 72-115.Goff, D. C., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Bennett, G., Coady, S., DAgostino, R. B., Gibbons, R., . . . Wilson, P. W. F. (2013). 2013 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. doi 10.1161/01.cir.0000437741.48606.98Heran, B. S., Chen, J., Ebrahim, S., Moxham, T., Oldridge, N., Rees, K., . . . Taylor, R. S. (2011). Exercise-based cardiac rehabilitation for coronary heart disease. Cochrane Databa se Syst Rev, 7(7).Ho, P. M., Bryson, C. L., Rumsfeld, J. S. (2009). Medication adherence its importance in cardiovascular outcomes. Circulation, 119(23), 3028-3035.Jackevicius, C. A., Li, P., Tu, J. V. (2008). Prevalence, predictors, and outcomes of primary nonadherence after acute myocardial infarction. Research Support, Non-U.S. Govt. Circulation, 117(8), 1028-1036. doi 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706820Khonsari, S., Subramanian, P., Chinna, K., Latif, L. A., Ling, L. W., Gholami, O. (2014). Effect of a reminder system using an automated short message service on medication adherence following acute coronary syndrome. Eur J Cardiovasc Nurs. doi 10.1177/1474515114521910Li, J., Siegrist, J. (2012). Physical activity and risk of cardiovascular diseasea meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. International journal of environmental research and public health, 9(2), 391-407.Martin, L. R., Williams, S. L., Haskard, K. B., DiMatteo, M. R. (2005). The challenge of patient adherence . Therapeutics and clinical risk management, 1(3), 189.Mathews, R., Peterson, E., Honeycutt, E., Chin, C. T., Ryan, K., Effron, M., . . . Wang, T. (2012). Medication nonadherence among patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with percutaneous coronary intervention insights from the Translate-ACS study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(13s1), E1814-E1814.Mente, A., de Koning, L., Shannon, H. S., Anand, S. S. (2009). A systematic review of the evidence supporting a causal link between dietary factors and coronary heart disease. Archives of internal medicine, 169(7), 659-669.Neubeck, L., Freedman, S. B., Clark, A. M., Briffa, T., Bauman, A., Redfern, J. (2012). Participating in cardiac rehabilitation a systematic review and meta-synthesis of qualitative data. European journal of preventive cardiology, 19(3), 494-503.Piepoli, M. F., Corra, U., Benzer, W., Bjarnason-Wehrens, B., Dendale, P., Gaita, D., . . . Zwisler, A.-D. O. (2010). Secondary prevention thro ugh cardiac rehabilitation from knowledge to implementation. A position paper from the Cardiac Rehabilitation Section of the European Association of Cardiovascular Prevention and Rehabilitation. European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention Rehabilitation, 17(1), 1-17.Rodrigues, R. C. M., Joo, T. M. S., Gallani, M. C. B. J., Cornlio, M. E., Alexandre, N. M. C. (2013). The Moving Heart Program an intervention to improve physical activity among patients with coronary heart disease. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 21(SPE), 180-189.Roger, V. L., Go, A. S., Lloyd-Jones, D. M., Benjamin, E. J., Berry, J. D., Borden, W. B., . . . Fox, C. S. (2012). Heart disease and stroke statistics2012 update a invoice from the American heart association. Circulation, 125(1), e2-e220.Saczynski, J. S., Lessard, D., Spencer, F. A., Gurwitz, J. H., Gore, J. M., Yarzebski, J., Goldberg, R. J. (2010). Declining length of stay for patients hospitalized with AMI impact on mortality and readmissions. The American journal of medicine, 123(11), 1007-1015.World Health Organization. (2011). The top 10 causes of death. Fact shred Number 310 Geneva WHO.1

Architecture of a Digital Audio Workstation

Architecture of a Digital Audio WorkstationIntroductionA digital audio frequency workstation (DAW) is an electronic tool, or program/software designed around the production of audio recording, editing post-production etc and often even video files. This tutorial will focus on illustrated components from FL Studio 12.A DAW can be broken down into three main components.Recording audio from analogue and other sound sources change that audio with a variety of effects and pluginsExporting a project into an audio file (mp3, wav, flac, etc)Inputs and OutputsAs touched up upon in my guide or so the processes and components of a studio recording, in order to record audio, you need an ADC, and DAC in the form of a microphone or other sound source, when you connect the ironware up and boot the software, you will direct to tell the DAW where it is recording audio from when starting a new project.This is where the mixer, and auxes/ raftes come in.What is an aux/bus?A bus is a connection of many different inputs/signals, and sending however much of the signal you want to another way of life, such as an aux. This is particularly utilizationful for if you have found yourself creating a particular complex project. If you had for example eight exhaust tracks, it could be difficult to manage them all individually, so you can send them as a bus to an aux track for further editing to the mix.An auxiliary track on the other hand, is an actual track that can be manipulated. The aux track is the go forth of where your inputs have been routes, and is where you would process it with effects, such as reverb, concretion or delay. Think of the aux as a sub-master track for these effects.The InterfaceThe main elements you will come to use on the interface are the channel rack, piano roll, mixer, timeline. Most of this is commonplace to other DAWs, with minor differences to plugin usage.The mixer is very similar to a mixing desk. present you can route channels to an insert (one of the many columns to the left), once a channel is routed to here, you can begin to add effects such as reverb, panning, grading (EQ) and also record and add effects to audio in real time from microphones and other sound sources.In a typical studio setup, a physical mixing desk will interact directly, combined with automation, allows for a lot of interaction with each component.The piano roll allows you to essentially draw MIDI. It communicates with plugins that have a sound bank, such as Image-Lines Harmor, or Sakura to play the notes that you draw.You can also connect a MIDI controller, record what you play, and quantise to clear up imperfections. discordant DAWs also feature a timeline where the body of your music is presented. In FL Studio 12, it is presented in the playlist, where you paint in patterns think a pattern for a drum loop, or certain parts of the song that occur more than once throughout a track. On a DAW such as pro Tools, most of the editing is accessed via the timeline itself, granting easy access to plugins.Exporting your projectWhen you are satisfied with a project, it is important to know your options when ready to convert the project into an audio file, which may determine the overall quality of your trackWhen exporting a track, think how you would like that to be distributed. The .mp3 is the most common file type.Exporting at this quality usually ranges from 192kbps to 320kbps, the lower this value, the lower the overall quality, though the smaller the file size.Various places, such as Bandcamp allow for people to download your track in any format that works for them, in cases like this, .WAV, or .FLAC might be most appropriate file type, as these are types of Iossless compression retains more of the raw audio data, no loss of quality, compared to the lossy compression using .mp3 which attempts to remove data that your ears cannot normally cannot hear.ConclusionHopefully you have been subject to learn more about the interface of a DAW, while my preference is for FL Studio, there are many other popular DAWs like Pro Tools, logical system Pro and Cubase.When working with a DAW, I like to see it as a playpark, a place you can be as creative as you wish, there is no wrong way to make music, though being armed with the knowledge to start, will make the process much more enjoyable, and intuitive feeling more natural.Sourceshttp//www.signaturesound.com/recording-review-using-auxes-and-buses/https//www.lynda.com/Ableton-Live-tutorials/What-digital-audio-workstation/120600/131990-4.htmlhttps//www.image-line.com/support/FLHelp/http//www.mediacollege.com/audio/eq/

Challenging The Validity Of Fingerprint Evidence

Ch whollyenging The Validity Of fingermark take the standThe reliability of reproduce license as a fashion of acknowledgement for purpose of court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, despite a long tradition of rhetorical identification to individualize prints there have been some recent challenges as to the scientific basis for fingermark exhibit. These challenges stem from validated concerns about the voltage for humans breaks in fingermark interconnected. A major factor in trying to establish the validity of reproduce show up is the supposititious framework as to the physical aspects of forensic apprehension. The psychological aspect of forensic science (the preparation of physical separate for purpose of court) is also a potential Achilles heel as to the validity of reproduce say in grumpy in countries with an adversarial legal system where the function of counsel is largely to down the stairsmine the believability of the license presented.Key words prints, marks, reliability, validity, probability, error, biasIntroductionA fingerprint is a record taken by police of a (usually) known individual under controlled conditions. A mark is an impression rear at a crime scene. The role of reproduce analyzers (dactyloscopists) is to analyse marks (individualize marks) to determine whether it/they match the print/s of a known individual. fingermarks atomic number 18 routinely used by police in order to identify suspects and victims of crime (e.g. homicide) and fingermark bear witness remain adept of the most trusted forms of forensic testify used in a court of law. Despite this, the various techniques used by fingermark examiners have incomplete been scientifically tested nor published in scientific peer reviewed journals.The reliability of dactyloscopy techniques as a pith of identification (individualization) is based on a supposititious framework as to the physical aspects o f forensic science, including persistence, uniqueness and transferability of prints and marks for purpose of identification. Until recently there had been no scientific studies conducted to validate fingerprints as physical present of identification. Despite this significant gap in the science of fingerprint evidence, the evidential revalue of fingerprint identification remains unquestioned.The reliability of dactyloscopy techniques as a means of identification continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. However, the use of fingerprint identification as evidence at court inevitably leads to interactions between science and the law where basic assumptions are frequently challenged. There are two opposite kinds of issues which may arise when presenting fingerprints as evidence at court (i) the lack of scientific rigour in the techniques used, and (ii) the influence of cognitive biases on salutary evidence.The evidential value of fingerprint iden tificationFingerprint identification as its used in the criminal justice system is typically done by comparing and attempting to match a mark (latent fingerprint) found at a crime scene with a print taken from a known suspect. The various techniques used by fingerprint examiners in matching two prints are different from e.g. biometric fingerprint checks introduced by the UK Border Agency (UKBA) in 2009 as a means of identification to improve on aerodrome security.The lack of scientific rigour in the techniques usedWhilst the evidential value of fingerprint identification remains unquestioned, even by its critics, it is often assumed that its the metaphysical framework as to the physical aspects of fingerprint evidence, such as the uniqueness and transferability of fingerprints, which make fingerprint identification well suited as forensic evidence for purpose of court. However, these theoretical underpinnings are often not backed up by scientific evidence and the validity of the th eoretical framework of forensic science is therefore a potential Achilles heel in fingerprint evidence.The influence of cognitive biases on expert evidenceWhilst the different techniques and methods used by fingerprint examiners vary from those used in modify biometric fingerprint checks, the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprint identification are the same as for biometric fingerprint checks (such as uniqueness and transferability). The results from automated biometric fingerprint checks would not however be suitable as forensic evidence at court. The main savvy is that apart from the physical aspects of fingerprints, the evidential value of fingerprints is primarily based upon the expert faiths of fingerprint examiners and governed by the rules on circumstantial evidence.Highlighting the lack of objectivity in the analysis and matching of fingerprints, Stoney (1991198) notes In fingerprint work we become subjectively convinced of personal identity we do not prove it. And th is works just fine. For fingerprints.The evidential value and admissibility of fingerprint expert evidenceThe Law Commissions report on admissibility of evidence 2008 and 2011The opinion evidence of an expert witness is admissible only if the court is satisfied that it is sufficiently authoritative to be admitted.The opinion evidence of an expert witness is sufficiently reliable to be admitted ifthe evidence is predicated on sound principles, techniques and assumptionsthose principles, techniques and assumptions have been properly applied to the facts of the case andthe evidence is supported by those principles, techniques and assumptions as applied to the facts of the case.It is for the party wishing to rely on the opinion evidence of an expert witness to show that it is sufficiently reliable to be admitted.This means that guilt cannot be determined by expert evidence alone and that trust in the validity of fingerprint evidence requires a leap of faith. (Broeder, 2006, p. 154)Chal lenging the Validity of Fingerprint EvidenceThe validity of fingerprint evidence is dependent upon the credibility of expert witnesses validity of the theoretical framework of forensic science, and the accuracy of procedures and techniques used. Despite its lack of scientific evidence, the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprints and reliability of methods used are rarely challenged at court. When the theoretical underpinnings of fingerprints are challenged at court, it also tends to spelunk the reliability of methods used in a range of forensic evidence.In Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., the US Supreme Court ruled that forensic evidence has to be some(prenominal) relevant and reliable in order to be valid. However, there are no reliability studies for fingerprint evidence and fingerprint evidence should therefore be ruled inadmissible in a US court of law. Pierce (2011) notes that the core issue in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. was the validity of de ductive reasoning to reach a conclusion. (Pierce, 2011) The validity of fingerprint evidence in effect comes down to an issue of trust and credibility both of which can be undermined.The Daubert case brocaded the occupy for a model by which statistically quantifiable measures can be generated to objectively assess the reliability of fingerprint evidence. One method considered reliable by US courts is the ACE-V (analysis-comparison-military rating-verification) method. (Haber Haber, 2008) Despite the promise of such models, Broeder (2007) argues that No expert or expert system can provide incontrovertible categorical evidence i.e. imperious proof that a certain trace originates from a particular source. There is no objective or subjective, scientific or alternative method that bequeath enable us to do this. Stoney (1991198) argues that trying to prove uniqueness by use of statistical models is a ridiculous notion. (Stoney, 1991)Basis for Challenging Fingerprint EvidenceDespite significant issues in terms of the validity of both theoretical underpinnings of forensic science and various techniques used, the main reason why fingerprint evidence will continue to be challenged as valid forensic science evidence is that fingerprint matching (recognition, analysis, comparison, and interpretation / evaluation) is finally a subjective decision-making emergence where results and expert evidence can be influenced by contextual and confirmation biases (human error) resulting in false identification.Whilst Stoney (1991) appears to argue that its the subjective nature of fingerprint evidence which allot the individualization process credibility, Dror et. al. (2005800) also note that fingerprint identification involves a decision making process (Dror, et al., 2005) which may eventually result in human error and in false identification. It is therefore unfortunate that much of the debate is currently focused on attempts to improve on the reliability of fingerprint ev idence through advancements in technological innovation.Attempts at improving the physical aspects of scientific evidence indicate that some problems with forensic evidence might one daylight be overcome by future advances in technological innovation. Whilst technical and scientific evidence are becoming increasingly important for the criminal justice system, Broeder (2006148) suggests that its difficult for judges and juries to assess the validity of expert forensic evidence. (Broeder, 2006, p. 148) Mnookin (2008343) argues that the courts have been seduced by superficial arguments as to the reliability of scientific methods. (Mnookin, 2008, p. 343)Considering that fingerprint evidence is ultimately a decision-making process its difficult to see how fingerprint matching could be replaced by advances in technology such as future generations of automatic fingerprint recognition systems (e.g. the ACE-V process/methodology). More effort should perhaps be focused on the social science aspect of expert forensic evidence (in particular psychology) to reduce potential cognitive biases and human error in fingerprint evidence the main basis for challenging fingerprint evidence.Cognitive Biases in Fingerprint EvidenceFingerprint evidence is supported by a general theoretical framework as to the physical principles of forensic evidence. However, fingerprint evidence is ultimately based on a series of decisions formulated by fingerprint examiners through cognitive processes. Whilst Stoney (1991) might argue that becoming subjectively convinced of identity works just fine for purpose of fingerprint matching, as it turns out, fingerprint examiners are highly susceptible to various forms of cognitive biases.Giannelli (2010) describes four different kinds of cognitive biases which may influence decision-making in forensic examination of evidence. Giannelli describes contextual bias as occurring when extraneous information influences a decision, typically in cases of ambigui ty. Techniques used to eliminate the influence of contextual bias when testing a new drug, include randomized (double blind) clinical trials. A similar process as part of the fingerprint verification process has been proposed by Haber and Haber (2003). (Haber Haber, 2003)Giannelli describes confirmation bias in terms of the tendency to test a hypothesis by looking for instances that confirm it alternatively than by searching for potentially falsifying instances. Kassin, Dror Kukucka (2013) describe the various contextual influences which may generate bias in forensic evidence, in terms of perspicacious the nature and details of the crime, being pressured by detectives working within and as part of the police the use of computer-generated lists that feature some suspects ahead of others appearing in court within an adversarial criminal justice system.Experiments in cognitive biasesThe brilliance of cognitive psychology of expert evidence has been highlighted in a series of ex periments conducted by Dr. Itiel Dror (2005) in which he had took the fingerprints from real criminal cases and presented them to the same fingerprint examiners who had previously given evidence at court. By changing the context for the analysis, such as strongly suggesting that a mark had previously been incorrectly matched to a print (or that a mark go awayed to a particular suspect when in fact it did not), the examiners came to different conclusions, contradicting their own evidence given at court.Dr. Drors experiments showed the influence that contextual and confirmation biases can have on the outcome of fingerprint analysis. The research found that fingerprint examiners were to a greater extent likely to make a match judgment on ambiguous fingerprints when exposed to emotional background stories of crimes and explicitly disturbing photographs from crime scenes, as well as subliminal messages. The researchers concluded that examiners were more likely to confirm a match in ambi guous fingerprints when exposed to contextual biases highlighting the importance of cognitive psychology in fingerprint evidence.To further highlight the importance of cognitive psychology in fingerprint evidence, an international panel of fingerprint experts convened to examine errors committed by the FBI which led to the identification of Brandon Mayfield note that the pressure of working on a high-profile terrorism case created an atmosphere which contributed to the misidentification. (US Department of Justice, 2006, p. 177)Error grade and ProbabilityError RatesExperiments similar to those conducted by Dr. Dror (2005) have also been conducted by e.g. Ulery et. al. (2012) and Evett and Williams (1995). (Evett Williams, 1995) All such studies find varying degrees of inconsistency. Ulery et. al. found that when the same fingerprint evidence is given to the same examiners, they reach different conclusions approximately 10% of the time. (Kassin, et al., 2013) Ulery et. al. (20129) a ttributed such errors to a lack of quantitative criteria and limited qualitative criteria for decision. (Ulery, et al., 2012, p. 9)Such error rates are only known as a result of research conducted where examiners were themselves the subject of research experiments. Mnookin (2008b) (Mnookin, 2008) as well as (Haber Haber, 2003) and other researchers put to the lack of transparency of crime laboratories in disclosing the results double-blind tests where e.g. one examiner discover an error made by another examiner and that no data dwell on the error rate correction resulting from the verification process.Jasanoff (2006) notes the right of US citizens to receive information, including scientific and technical information, in order to effectuate the goal of communicate participation. (Jasanoff, 2006) However, considering the increasingly commercial nature of forensic laboratories, such error rate data is unlikely to be volunteered any time soon.ProbabilityAitken Taroni (2004126) not e that evaluation of fingerprint evidence is based on a statistical model of probabilistic inference. (Aitken Taroni, 2004) Probability may be defined as a statistical means of describing uncertainty. (Brenner, 1997, p. 126) Galton (1892100) raised the problem of estimating the probability of two prints (alike in their minutiae) as having been made by two different persons and attempted to give an approximate numerical sentiment of the value of finger prints as a means of Personal Identification. Galton (1892110) calculated the probability of two different individuals having the same fingerprints (Type I error) to be less than 1 to 224 x 24 x 28 or about 1 in 64 billion.Neumann (201221) explains the difficulty of probability as faced by fingerprint examiners giving evidence at court If it is his belief that the mark probably does or almost certainly does or is rather unlikely to match, he is forbidden to say so in court in those cases, fingerprint evidence, for or against the accu sed, simply does not appear in the case. (Neumann, 2012)So, how common is it that examiners giving evidence at court arent necessarily 100% certain of the evidence they give at court? According to research by Neuman et.al. it happens in 30% of the all comparisons performed. (Neumann, et al., 2011)Galton notes the effect on probability when matching two or more marks to the prints of a known individual When two fingers of each of the two persons are compared, and found to have the same minutiae, the improbability of 1 to 236 becomes squared, and reaches a figure altogether beyond the range of the imagination when three fingers, it is cubed, and so on. When two, three, or more fingers in the two persons agree to that extent, the strength of the evidence rises by squares, cubes, etc., far above the level of that amount of probability which begins to rank as certainty. Galton (1892111-112)Case StudiesBroeder (2006) notes that there have recently been several highly publicised appeals ag ainst criminal convictions around the world where forensic evidence has played a significant role in the identification of suspects. Broeder further notes that these have at least partly been associated with inadequate standards of forensic expertise. The following case studies involve examples of Type I errors (false positives in fingerprint matching) made by examiners.Case Study 1 Shirley McKieIn January 1997, DC Shirley McKie attended a crime scene in Kilmarnock, Scotland as part of an investigating into the murder of Marion Ross. A single mark found at the scene was attributed to DC McKie who denied under oath that it could be hers. DC McKie was subsequently charged with perjury. At her trial, two fingerprint experts disputed the mark belonged to DC McKie. A jury later found DC McKie not guilty of perjury. In 2008, the Scottish government activity appointed Sir Anthony Campbell to hold a public inquiry into the identification and verification of fingerprints associated with th e case of HM Advocate v McKie in 1999. Sir Campbell noted that the community of fingerprint experts is deeply divided over the case of Shirley McKie and that some experts are perceived by others to be so closely associated with colleagues or organisations that have expressed an opinion that they are not universally regarded as being independent. (The Fingerprint Inquiry, 2011)Case Study 2 Brandon MayfieldIn 2004, the Federal Bureau of Investigation identified Brandon Mayfields fingerprints as a match to a single mark found on a bag containing explosives used in the Madrid train bombings on 11 March 2004. Mayfields fingerprints had been initially retrieved as a potential match using the FBIs Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System (IAFIS). Upon closer examination, three fingerprint experts reviewing the initial result each confirmed that the mark belonged to Mayfield. (Stacey, 2004) The FBI launched a covert operation and Mayfield was subsequently arrested on 6 May 200 4. An independent fingerprint expert appointed by the court to review the evidence (who also knew that a positive match had already been made) also concluded that the mark found did belong to Mayfield. Spanish Police informed the FBI that they had identified the mark as belonging to an Algerian national. After examining the prints of the Algerian national, the FBI released Mayfield from custody. The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) concluded that the reason for the misidentification was due to the unusual similarity between the latent print and Mayfields known fingerprint which had confused three experienced FBI examiners and a court-appointed expert. (US Department of Justice, 2006)DiscussionFingerprint evidence was premier(prenominal) used in the UK in 1858 and is the most common form of forensic evidence used at court today. Fingerprint evidence has also been raised as one of the most important categories of forensic evidence admitted at court. However, a study conducted by Baldwin and McConville (1980) found that forensic evidence played a significant role in only five per cent of cases presented at court.Inman and Rudin (20021) describe forensic science as an applied science based on the laws of physics and chemistry. (Inman Rudin, 2002) Whilst this might provide an appropriate definition of forensic science, it ignores the importance of psychology in forensic evidence.The reliability of fingerprints as a means of identification (individualization) for purpose of evidence at court continues to be generally accepted by academia and the criminal justice system. Mnookin (200116) argues that scrutiny of expert evidence does not take place in a cultural vacuum and infers that fingerprint evidence was accepted too quickly in US courts. In 2013, a US District Court Judge ruled that the process fingerprint identification failed to meet three of the four criteria set for scientific evidence.The technique hadnt been scientifically testedWasnt subject to scie ntific peer reviewDidnt possess a known rate of errorThe ruling means that whilst the court accepts that the process of fingerprint analysis does not meet the standards set for scientific evidence, the testimony of expert fingerprint analysts may still be admissible as evidence at court.Because the validity of fingerprint evidence is primarily based upon the credibility expert witnesses, challenges as to the validity of fingerprint evidence need to address the psychological aspects of forensic science, in other words the potential cognitive (contextual and confirmation) biases of forensic experts resulting in false identification.Part of this effort might involve simple solutions such as shielding fingerprint examiners from the details of crimes being investigated or having all fingerprint experts directly appointed by the courts. Other requirements might involve a token(prenominal) of two marks or more having to match the prints of a suspect before it can be used as evidence at c ourt.

Breaking the Bonds of Oppression in Susan Glaspells A Jury of Her Peer

Breaking the Bonds of Oppression in A gore of Her Peers Susan Glaspells A Jury of Her Peers is a view into the lives of farmers wives in the Midwest at the turn of the century. These women live in a male dominated world, where the men shell out them incompetent and frivolous. The only identity they have is that associated with their husbands. They stay at the farmhouse to complete their repetitive and exhausting chores. The wives have little or no contact with the former(a) people because of the distances between farms. Glaspell uses her female characters to rebel against the inequalities that women face and to prove that women are competent and when pushed too far --strike back. The male dominant society that is condescending, controlling, denies individuality, demands submission, and is abusive toward women, is a society that punishes and deprives itself. It is a society that is harmful and hurtful, not only to the women, but to the men as well. Typical of the male dominant fr ame of mind, the mens view of the women in A Jury of Her Peers is condescending from start to finish. Putting a slight twist on Shakespeares famous metaphor, The world is a stage, the men are the puppeteers, and the women merely puppets, evidences the mens beliefs (Act II, scene 7, lines 143-144). The men believe they are superior and more intelligent than the women are. The feeling of favorable position is evident in Mr. Hales comment, women are used to worrying over trifles (Glaspell 186). Similarly, these feelings of superiority are shown in the county attorneys musings over whether the women would acknowledge a clue if they came upon it (Glaspell 187). Glaspell uses this emotion to create the irony in the story. She shows how ... ...journalsShyp.html&querydocid=1096142 library_a&dtype=00&dinst=0> Sherman, Beth. The Dirt on Men despite Liberation, Education, increase and Good Old Nagging, Women still cant get their Men to Clean the House. Is it a Lost Cause or is there Some means to Make Men Come Clean? 26 Sept. 1992. SI., Newsday. 17 Feb. 1999. <http//www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/getdoc.cgi?id=125920539x0y20939w1& OIDS=0Q002D000&Form=RL&pubname=Newsday&puburl=httpCSS www.newsday.com&querydocid=213927library_g&dtype=00&dinst=0> Walradth, Ellie. historiographer Says Farm Wives a Happy Lot. 21 Feb. 1997. University of Wisconsin. 17 Feb. 1999. <http//www.elibrary.com/s/edumark/getdoc.cgi?id=125920539x0y20939w1& OIDS=0Q002D000&Form=RL&pubname=Newsday&puburl=httpCSS www.newsday.com&querydocid=213927library_g&dtype=00&dinst=0>

fidel castro :: essays research papers

Fidel Castro was born near Mayari Cuba in 1926. In 1950, he calibrated from the University of Havana with a law degree and opened a law office with two partners. Two years later he ran for election to the Cuban House of Representatives. The elections were never carried out because then dictator Fulgencio Batista halted them and ended democracy in Cuba. This was perhaps, the defining moment in Castros life. As a result of Batistas action, Castro assembled a small force and attacked the Moncada Army Barracks in Santiago de Cuba on July 26. Castro was captured and sentenced to fifteen years in prison. In 1955, however, Batista released him. Castro immediately went into exile in Mexico where he began to school a group of revolutionaries called the 26th of July Movement. In December 1956, Castros forces invaded Cuba. The rebels suffered losses, but many were able to escape to the Sierra Maestra, a mountain range in atomic number 34 Cuba. From there, Castro was able to direct his revol ution. Over the next two years, he gained increasing support from the Cuban people and on January 1, 1959, Batista fled the country.Shortly after Castro took control of the g everywherenment, transaction with the United States declined. In 1960, he took over U.S. oil refineries in Cuba. The United States then stopped buying Cuban sugar and Castro responded by taking over all U.S. businesses in Cuba. Angered by Castros actions, President Kennedy, authorized an attempt to overthrow the Cuban dictator in 1961, known as the Bay of Pigs infringement. The invasion failed but made Castro wary of another U.S. attempt. Consequently, when Khrushchev offered to place nuclear missiles in Cuba, he agreed. Castros role in the crisis differs greatly from the other two leaders. Once he decided to accept the missiles, he lost control over their fate. Castro was merely a pawn in the international chess match and Cuba was merely a playing field. Neither Castro nor Cuba were of great international im portance. The missile confrontation could have taken place anywhere in the world, unfortunately for the Cuban people, it occurred on their island.