Screening America in Hollywood Film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Screening America in Hollywood Film - Essay Example Besides, post-war cultural changes affected the society as a whole and this is evident in the portrayal of male and female protagonists in general. Similarly, anxieties around gender identity resulted in the change in traditional gender roles, and it ended up in the formation of realistic role model for the working woman. Within this scenario, it is evident that post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity forced the directors to portray the images of gender in post-war Hollywood cinema with difference. Thesis statement: The close examination of the images of gender in post-war Hollywood cinema, considering the ways in which films of this period illustrate both post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity proves that post –war cultural changes resulted in the ideal image of professional male and suburban housewife, change in traditional gender roles, the image of working-class masculinity, the desire for sexual passivity, portrayal of weak male sexuality, female dissatisfaction, anxiety over changing nature of masculinity, unacceptability towards war-time masculinity, and the portrayal of gender roles as social constructions, and anxieties around gender identity resulted in the change in traditional gender identity, portrayal of tensions between male and fem ale members, changing female role (sexual freedom), conflict with disrupted gender roles, change in gender roles related to free education and loans for loans for homes and businesses, portrayal of the influence of consumerism over female gender role, the general urge to link femininity to domesticity, disrupting home life, and emergence of realistic role model for the working woman (special references to the post-WWII films related to post-war cultural changes and anxieties around gender identity). One can see that the WWII resulted in the mass migration from urban areas to suburban areas within the different states in US. To be specific, this can be

Reading Comprehension Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Reading Comprehension Worksheet Essay Describe your outcome from this week’s MyFoundationsLab ® assignment. The outcome from this week’s MyFoundationsLab assignment were good but could be better. The assignment pointed out the importance of previewing and marking your readings. It also pointed out the importance of limiting distractions and setting study goals. I am now better prepared to focus and concentrate on my readings so I can retain more information. Identify the skills you’ve learned this week. How could each of these apply to your academic work? How could each of these apply to your professional work? The skills that I’ve learned this week are the steps to active reading, vocabulary strategies, how to read different kinds of textbooks, and how to improve my reading. Active reading and improving my reading work hand in hand. In reference to my academic work, these skills can help increase my focus and concentration and help promote a better understanding of what I am reading. Learning how to read different textbooks helps me to distinguish between the types and how to go about understanding them. In my professional work, all these skills help prepare me to be able to compose and understand resumes, company letters, and business proposals. Describe the reading and comprehension strategies you will employ. How will these help make you a more effective reader? The reading and comprehension strategies that I will employ are marking and reading comprehension. Some other strategies I will employ are vocabulary skills such as using context to determine the definition of words and writing down unfamiliar terms. Utilizing marking helps me to better highlight and outline key points for better understanding. Reading with comprehension helps me to better focus and concentrate on readings. This makes sure I am better prepared for assignments and exams. Vocabulary skills helps me to broaden my vocabulary. What is â€Å"primary source material†? Explain why knowing how to identify and use primary source materials is important for academic reading and writing. Primary source materials are original materials such as documents, speeches, dissertations, or other written evidence. It is important to know how to identify and use primary sources to make your readings and writings seem more credible. When you are writing a paper, primary sources are useful because you won’t find everything you need in textbooks.

Nikes Plan for China Essay -- Nike Sales Retail Business Marketing Es

Nike's Plan for China Nike is already a global power house, however the potential to increase sales in China was the topic of the most recent annual investor meeting. One may question Nike’s preoccupation with China. After all, Nike China is dominant. They are currently the number one brand with the number one market share while competitors Reebok and Adidas are in 4th and 5th places respectively. They have tripled revenue in the last two years. With 2000 points of sale, 400 stores in the top three cities (Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou) and 50 cities with 3 or more stores, Nike is primed to begin pushing into the second tier cities. Let’s examine â€Å"why China? â€Å" Socially, China presents a portrait of change. The attitudes and preferences of today's generation of "twenty-something" consumers diverges markedly from those of their parents' generation. In fact, in the economically churning coastal cities, this gap is as wide as ever and growing, leading to comparisons between China toda y and the 1960s in Europe and the United States. Nike sees a large and growing market for its products in China. China has: †¢ 20% of the world’s population. †¢ 50 million middle class households. †¢ 430 million youth under the age of 20 (5X the number of youth in the US). †¢ 50 million middle class households –- which will grow to 150 million in next 10 years. †¢ 65% of its youth involved in sports. †¢ A consumer market that embraces brands -- particularly Western brands. †¢ 300 million people expected to move from rural areas to the cities in the next 10 years. With this information in mind, Nike has created a strategic marketing plan to strengthen their position in the China market. The Global supply chain is in place, now they just need a strategy. But, before Nike can execute their well laid plans, they must first do a little damage control. In 2004, Nike advertisements featuring basketball star LeBron James slaying a Chinese dragon and a kung fu master were banned in China and met with a flurry of criticism. The TV commercial offended government regulators because it showed an American sports icon defeating the dragon, a symbol of Chinese culture, and the martial arts master, a symbol of national pride. Nike clearly disrespected the Chinese culture, and was forced to pull the ads and apologize. Nike spokeswoman Shelley Peng said th... ...arket. However, Nike's estimates suggest it will maintain its lead in China after the merger. Nike said it has 30 percent of the Chinese athletic market, trailed by Adidas's 19 percent. The inclusion of Reebok will catapult Adidas's share to 27 percent. How is Nike’s strategy working? A survey asked Chinese which brands were the coolest. The results came in: Nike 52%; Adidas 38%; Reebok 15%; Li-Ning 13%; and New Balance 10%. Bibliography Nike China (NKE) growing fast (4Q05 conf call) The China Stock Blog Brands in Transition: Making it Work in China 2005/04/12 by Christopher Millward, Beijing This Month Nike China (NKE) growing fast (4Q05 conf call) The China Stock Blog 2005 Business Report & Independent Online, www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=2337753 2005 Business Report & Independent Online, www.busrep.co.za/index.php?fArticleId=2337753 Nike China (NKE) growing fast (4Q05 conf call) The China Stock Blog CSRwire, http://www.csrwire.com/article.cgi/2411.html Beijing This Month, featured in Business Beijing, July 2005 China Daily Online. Adidas, Reebok vie against Nike for China market(Bloomberg) 2005-08-09 10:31 JUNE 29, 2005 -- Nike Investor Day Recap

Relativism and Morality Essay

We are taught the difference between what is right and what is wrong at a young age by our parents or guardians. What is classified as right or wrong can differ between cultures, races, ethnic identities, and by social class. We all have a sense of what is morally right and the relativity of it. There are specific traits and beliefs that are distinctive to every culture, race, and social classes, due mostly impart to the differences we have in what we consider to be morally right. The idea of universal morals shows that through our cultural differences there is still a connection to the moral beliefs that we share, and shows that cultures are more alike than admit. There are some beliefs and customs that are considered morally justified in some cultures but in another, they are considered to be morally wrong. In his article Goodman gives solid examples of how something that is considered to be morally right in one cultural, would be wrong in another. Some of the topics that Goodman touches on are, genocide, hostage taking, slavery, polygamy, rape and female genital cutting (2010). Goodman argues that there are certain acts that are without a doubt considered to be wrong. While I do agree with his theory that acts such as incest, slavery, and rape (just to name a few) are wrong, there are factors that should be considered before an act is considered morally just or unjust. Relativism is one of the ways that certain acts can be viewed be other cultures without completely ruling the acts as right or wrong. Relativism is the idea that one’s beliefs and values are understood in terms of one’s society, culture, or even one’s own individual values (Mosser, 2010). Therefore, by relativism acts like polygamy, female castration, terrorism and infanticide are example of acts that are considered wrong for most Americans but in the cultures that practice these acts they see nothing wrong with them. Relativism and Morality â€Å"Many people find relativism extremely attractive. After all, determining what is right and wrong is frequently very difficult. It may also be difficult to defend—rather than just assert—that a given culture’s (usually one’s own) values are the correct ones, and that those values that are different are somehow wrong. Relativism also seems to decrease the kinds of conflicts that arise over such issues† (Mosser, 2010). Mosser puts into a clear prospective of how relativism and morality can work together to better understand a culture outside of our own. I do not think that there are universal moral requirements that every culture, race, and even social class can agree on. I believe that taking another human beings life is wrong, yet I still support our troops and all that they do to keep our country safe. Goodman states, all living beings make claims to life and murder is wrong because it destroys a life, yet warfare is not always wrong because it may be necessary to protect life. (2010). Relativism does provide a spectrum to view the world and cultural issues through, there are still problems that can arise. â€Å"Difficulties arise for relativism, when we consider the fact that few people come from a single, specifiable â€Å"culture. There may be general notions that guide one’s society, but one may also consider oneself part of many different groups, each of which can inform one’s moral values. Relativism seems fairly clear, until we start trying to decide what provides our moral sense. You have a given country, language, gender, religion or lack of religion, race, ethnicity, class, and so on, but does only one of these determine y our values† (Mosser, 2010)? Another issue that arises with relativism is that is an easy way out of dealing with ethical dilemmas and accepting practices that we feel are wrong. In addition, it may be difficult for a society to see and understand that it might be doing something that is immoral if questions of morality cannot be raised within one’s society. Relativism and Morality While the argument brought forth in Goodman’s article are all true and he makes very valid points, there are some beliefs and customs that are considered morally justified in some cultures but in another, they are considered to be morally wrong. Relativisms aims to show that no one specific culture is right or wrong for doing things the way that they do and that is the mode that I follow. From my own cultural stand point there are certain acts that I would be against if they we to be implemented on American society but I understand the culture who practice those acts and cannot fault those people that have been raise in that way of life. As for my personal opinion as to whether we will get to the point of universal moral requirements I do not think we will all be on one accord anytime soon, for the simple fact that each culture, race, social class, and ethnicity have their own way of dealing with specific moral issues.

What is the impact of the Lord of the Rings on New Zealand’s Tourism industry?

Introduction During a more relaxed PBL session in a prior module, the tutor presented a safety instructional video from Air New Zealand to the group. In this video the actors were all dressed up as figures from the famous Lord of the Rings movies. Ever since, the author of this proposal confronted himself with the question how exactly New Zealand's tourism industry is influenced by the aforementioned phenomenon. There already has been quite some research on the movie induced tourism of New Zealand. However, whether it brings lasting economy growth to New Zealand's tourism industry, is an issue barely covered.Thus, this assignment will attempt to answer the question: What is the impact of the Lord of the Rings on New Zealand's Tourism industry from the release in 2001 till the year 2016? First, the paper will begin with defining what film induced tourism is and why it is an option for New Zealand's tourism industry. This is done to create a basic understanding of the subject. After th at the question will be answered how â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† is used for marketing purposes and the degree of dependency on this marketing form.In return that will lead to the third item of this paper, the customer satisfaction level of movie tourists. This is also relevant for evaluating the efficiency of the marketing efforts. Lastly the impact of movie-induced tourism on New Zealand's economy will be discussed. That is necessary to predict future developments and the fortitude of the impact on industry. Body Before the impacts of film-induced tourism on New Zealand can be discussed, an understanding of what Film-induced tourism is and why it exists has to be  provided.The origins of the modern tourism form lie in the late 18th century. Ever since the eras of romanticism and storm and stress, fictional stories and characters influenced the being and desires of its consumers. As common knowledge, the novel â€Å"The Sorrows of Young Werther†, for instance, resu lted in a phenomenon referred to as â€Å"Werther-fever† . The audience celebrated the hero of the novel by dressing up identical to the main character; reading circles were found and festivals with Werther themes were held.However, the most remarkable of all events associated with the Werther-fever were the journeys to Switzerland, undertaken by many enthusiasts of the Goethe novel. Readers felt the need to experience the described scenery of the Swiss alps in person. This occurrence is transferable to the fantasy literature success, The Lord of the Rings. The fantasy novel caused fan clubs, fan art and some even learned the languages used by certain characters in the books. Despite the popularity of the trilogy, written by J. R. R.Tolkien, the relevance of the novel for New Zealand would have been of no significance, if the movie industry had not made the decision to produce a movie series transferring the story from paper on to the screen. In addition Tolkien is not direct ly connected to the country. Director Peter Jackson, a New Zealander himself, brought the production to his native land. Once the audience was confronted with the movies, showing New Zealand's' landscapes as breathtaking scenery of â€Å"Middle Earth†, the bases for film-induced tourism was laid.In 2004, The third part of the series, â€Å"The Return of the King†, won 11 Oscars, exposing the landscapes of New Zealand to approximately 200 million viewers worldwide. (Carl, Kindon & Smith 2007) Following the logic of the aforementioned matter, movie-induced tourism simply is on-location tourism that relates to a successful movie. Thus, the term can be widened to film-induced tourism, taking television, DVD and other mediums into account. (Beeton 2005)Nonetheless, film induced tourism is not restricted to only one form. There are two main forms: On-Location tourism and Off-Location tourism.On-location tourism includes all activities that are related directly to the film lo cation. Therefore it can have different characteristics. As portrayed by Sue Beeton, movie tourism can be the main reason to travel to a certain destination. Nevertheless, the participation in movie related tourism activities can also only be one of various events during a holiday. The same applies to off-location tourism which ,in contrast to on-location tourism, covers all film touristic activities not related to the film location, such as studio theme parks or studio tours.  (Beeton 2005)Since it is now established what film induced tourism is and why it works for New Zealand, it is necessary to determine the degree of influence of The Lord of the Rings on destination marketing. The Importance of the movies to not only the tourism industry but the country as a whole becomes obvious when reckoning that already in 2001, when the first movie was released, a â€Å"Minister of the Rings† was announced, by the government to optimize the profits gained from the movies to nation in a holistic approach.Therefore, the minister not only managed the film-induced tourism related issues but also in terms of the film industry and connected employment. (Beeton 2005) Though this may seem to be a drastic measure on first sight, it quickly becomes evidence of wise foresight. In Forbes online magazine Gregg Anderson, general manager of western long haul markets for Tourism New Zealand, stated: â€Å"We’ve seen a 50% increase in arrivals to New Zealand since Lord of the Rings† (Pinchefsky 2012) This increase is the result of various promotion efforts that include official government initiatives as well.During the time period of 2001 to 2004, more than 20 million $NZ were spent on promotion related to the trilogy. The destination marketing, of public and private entities was executed on all four levels: National, local, individual and media. Activities ranged from releasing themed stamps, setting up Lord of the rings tourism websites, renaming street names (Gandalf street),over specialized guidebooks, to reports on world premiers. After Pinchefsky, even â€Å"†¦ New Zealand Custom Service currently stamps visitor’s passports with a â€Å"Welcome to Middle Earth† stamp.† (Pinchefsky 2012)Another key player giving in to the trend towards film based marketing is Air New Zealand. The air carrier uses safety instructional videos with a Lord of the rings theme. Further, in 2004 several air craft's were painted with characters and scenes from the movies and the pilots welcomed passenger in Wellington with: â€Å"Welcome to Middle Earth†. Overall film induced marketing was a successful approach to increase the exposure of New Zealand as a tourism destination.According to Tourism New Zealand, New Zealand's national tourism board, 87 percent of potential customers considering a trip  to the country were familiar with the fact, that the trilogy was filmed in New Zealand. In contrast to that, in the year 2004, tourists who came to the destination primarily motivated to participate in film induced tourism, only made up one percent of all travelers entering the country. Though one percent does not appear to be a significant number, it translates into NZ$32. 8milion of tourist spending. Six percent acknowledged the movies to be one of their main reasons for traveling to New Zealand. (Tourism New Zealand n. d. ) As a result, that means 94% of the tourists posses a secondary or no interest in New Zealand's film tourism.The conclusion deriving from that circumstance is essential. Despite using Jackson's movies for a broad range of promotional tools, the tourism industry is not solely relying on them. This can be demonstrated with the following example: Approximately 30 percent of New Zealand's territory consists of protected parks with hiking trails in most of them. The responsible institution for the parks is the Department of Conservation. It solely promotes the protected area for common purp oses such as hiking or walking. Thus â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† is consciously excluded in promotional activities to protect the environment.Simultaneously this helps remaining the image of the country being a destination for outdoor adventure travel. (Beeton 2005 p. 82) In addition, Tourism New Zealand promotes the destination with the slogan: â€Å"100% pure New Zealand†, emphasizing on natural beauty and cultural heritage. After having established that New Zealand's tourism industry can and actively promotes its offerings to tourists around the globe, the efficiency of the practiced movie brand marketing has to be determined. This can be achieved by regarding the site sacralization as an indicator for the effectiveness of using Tolkien's fantasy story for promotion purposes.The site sacralization theory classically describes four phases; naming, framing and elevation, mechanical reproduction and social reproduction. ( MacCannell 1999) Since the lord of the ring si tes are not naturally developed but a product of transitioning fictional places and items to reality, the theory has to be adjusted. The naming is already given through the story itself. Further, the second phase of framing and elevation is completed. Tourist attractions such as â€Å"Hobbiton† stand out being staged as a meaningful subject of its own.In case of the mechanical reproduction, meaning that the attraction is  materialized and sold as for example a souvenir, it has to be understood, that there is also merchandize not related to New Zealand. The Lord of the Rings is a brand producing figures, cosplay and much more. Since the film locations and set are part of the merchandize product, the mechanical reproduction of many film-induced tourism sites mixes with the Lord of the Rings brand. The consequence is a blur of the boundary between fictional place and real tourism attraction. Therefore the last phase, social reproduction, is only reached partly. The nature of t he final phase is that it lets the attraction identify itself as the destination.In other words, the attraction is noticed as identical to the destination. The consequence is, that tourists visit a tourism simply for the attraction, not the destination including the site. The positive aspect of that condition is the large exposure of the attraction to potential visitors. New Zealand's destination marketing managed to benefit from the incompleteness of the social reproduction in two ways. Firstly, those who identify the tourism sites, and therefore New Zealand as a whole, with the scenes of â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† will directly react to promotion measures embracing fan culture.Secondly, for all others the movies will act as an ambassador for the country as destination itself with its natural beauty. Therefore, using destination marketing based on the movie is highly sufficient, as long as the trilogy is present in the heads of the people. This will not be an issue for the next two decades, as the prequel to the Lord of the Rings, â€Å"The Hobbit†, premiered in early 2013. The Hobbit will be a trilogy as well. As any business in the tertiary sector might agree with, maintaining customers is more efficient then attracting new ones. Thus customer satisfaction is an elementary aspect to every business.For New Zealand's film-induced tourism that raises the question of how tourists experience sites and whether they are satisfied. The difficulty lies in the fact that most backdrops used for the movies have been edited and the tourists experience of the attraction interferes with the experience of the watching the movie. In return that might cause dissatisfaction, if the imagined experience differs significantly from the actual experience. (Carl, Kindon & Smith 2007) Karl, Kindon and Smith analyzed three tours specialized in activities related to â€Å"The Lord of the Rings†. Those tours included film sets and pure scenery used for backdrops. The conclusion drawn was that the vast majority of the tourists was satisfied with the experience. In most cases expectations were met or even exceeded. Further, it was argued, that success and satisfaction level for activities, connected to scenery only, depend heavily on the performance of the tour guides presenting the attraction. Therefore, the quality of the products offered by New Zealand's film-induced tourism is difficult to evaluate. On a macro level â€Å"The Lord of the Rings†, is absolutely suited for film induced tourism. There are three qualities a film has to posses in order to be successfully used for film tourism.Those are: uniqueness, status and timely significance. The trilogy inherits all three qualities. It is a unique film experience on the verge of becoming an all time classic. Moreover, it has a high status as a movie setting new standards to its time and winning 11 Oscars. Lastly the movie was shot to a time where the aftermath of the 11th September a ttacks led to a war against terror. The story of the trilogy contains similar elements of good versus evil, which made it almost a metaphor for the historical developments at the time. The result was â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† as a part of pop culture.The intermediary result from the aforementioned issues lead to the conclusion, that Tourists participating in film-induced tourism related to Jacksons movies, are majorly satisfies with the provided experience. This is also conditioned by the quality of the trilogy itself. To be able to indicate the impact the movies had on the economy in the past and what the future might look like, economic statistics have to be critically reviewed. An intricacy is the limited amount of film-induced tourism data available. Hence it will be attempted to draw conclusions from the existing general tourism data.Last year, tourism generated a direct contribution to New Zealand's' GDP of $6. 2 billion, or 3. 3 percent of the total GDP. (Statistics New Zealand 2012) As already stated before, one percent of the tourists in 2004 named The Lord of the rings as the main reason to have chosen New Zealand's as travel destination. Another six percent named it to be one of their main reasons. Thus it could be assumed that those six percent directly are responsible for the same percentage of the tourism GDP equaling $370 million. The tourism industry provides 6. 2 percent of the national employment. (Statistics New Zealand 2012)That makes  tourism the second biggest industry after dairy, which demonstrates the importance of the sector to the country. The annual tourism expenditures can be used to indicate the immediate influence of the trilogy on the industry. Especially the expenditure of international tourists increased explicitly, c, one year after the premier of the final part of the trilogy. Though the higher expenditure is not necessarily combined with film tourism attractions, the great exposure of the destinations scenery in the movies, obviously had an effect on the higher expenditure, which is also related to the higher amount of travelers.The number of international visitors rose from approximately 1. 800. 000 in the millennium year to more than 2. 370. 000 in the year 2005. ( TRADING ECONOMICS n. d. ) For the future, the Ministry of Tourism forecasted 3. 12 million visitor annually by 2016. This forecast appears to be reasonable as the prequel to The lord of the Rings, The Hobbit, premiered in November 2012, with two more episodes to come. This is likely to cause an increase in brand exposure and therefore another growth in tourist arrivals similar to the development of the time frame 2001-2005.Taking the above mentioned numbers and statistics into account, it can be concluded, that film-induced tourism has a positive impact on the entire economy of New Zealand, though the precise details are difficult to attain, due to lack of research and data in the field. Most likely, this trend will be continu ed during the next decade.Conclusion Having demonstrated the issues related to the question :†What is the impact of the Lord of the Rings on New Zealand's Tourism industry from the release in 2001 till the year 2016?†, the following conclusion can be drawn: Film-induced tourism contains on-location and of-location activities related to successful films or movies. It's origins lie in the literature tourism of the late 18th century, during the eras of romanticism and storm and stress. Further, The Lord of the Rings as opportunity for New Zealand's tourism industry was not relevant before the countries scenery was chosen for the trilogy's backdrop. Moreover, the Tourism board of New Zealand, Tourism New Zealand, and private businesses fully embraced the Lord of the Rings as marketing opportunity.Hence, the film-induced destination marketing of  public and private entities was executed on all four levels: National, local, individual and media. The usage of Jacksons movies for promotion purposes was a success, considering that 87 percent of all people considering New Zealand as a destination, were familiar with the fact that the country served as film location. Further, the country is not solely relying on film-induced marketing as it benefits from the only partly reached fourth phase of the site sacralization process. As it is an essential element for long lasting customer relationships customer satisfaction is a significant issue.The majority of travelers participating in film tourism related activities was satisfied. In general expectations were met or even exceeded, depending on the degree of imagined experience influenced by the movies. That is why tour guides contribute a considerably to customer satisfaction. Lastly the impact of film-induced tourism on the overall economy is not completely researched. Never the less it represents about 6% of the tourism GDP. In addition the visitor numbers and tourism expenditure has increased drastically duri ng the time The Lord of the Rings ran in theaters.International tourism spending rose from $6,398 million in 2001 to $8,619 million in 2005. For 2016 the amount of visitors was forecasted to 3,2 million. As a result it is most likely that film induced tourism will be growing similar to the growth between 2001-2005. This is supported by the prequel â€Å"The Hobbit† that premiered November 2012. Taking all the aforementioned data into account, it can be stated that â€Å"The Lord of the Rings† and its prequel will have a lasting positive effect on New Zealand's Tourism economy, for at least, the next decade.

Plants Essays - Plant Morphology, Plants, Plant Anatomy, Free Essays

Plants Essays - Plant Morphology, Plants, Plant Anatomy, Free Essays Plants Life science 7th grade Jr high Chapter 1 Plants are the basis of the food pyramid for all living things, even other plants. They have always been very important to people, not only for food, but also for clothing, weapons, tools, dyes, medicines, shelter and a great many other purposes. Both humans and animals benefit from plants. We eat many different types of plants such as fruits and vegetables. We also use plants for our herbs. Plants are also used to manufacture many different products such as shampoos, rubber, paper, and camera film. In some countries, fermented sugar cane is used instead of gasoline. Animals use plants in many different ways also. They eat many fruits and other plants. Many animals use plants for shelter. Plants also provide animals with protection from predators. The destruction of different plants sometimes leads to animals becoming endangered or extinct. The basic structure of plants consists of roots, stem, leaves, flower and/or fruit or seeds. A flower is the part of the plant that makes the seeds. The main parts of a flower are the carpels and stamens. These parts are often found in the center of the flower. There are egg cells in the carpel and pollen cells in the stamen. All flowers have four basic parts: sepals, petals, carpels, and stamen. Different flowers have different numbers and shapes of these parts. Most plants can be divided into one of two general categories: herbaceous or woody plants. Herbaceous plants have soft stems, while woody plants are tree-like. Herbaceous plants produce completely new stems each year. The approaching cold weather causes the new stems to die back to the ground. Some herbaceous plants survive periods of cold by forming underground bulbs, or tubers used for food storage. Many herbaceous plants complete their life cycles within one growing season and the whole plant dies, even the roots. These annuals produce seeds that will form new plants the next year. Land plants are divided into two groups based on whether they have vascular tissues or not. All nonvascular plants are placed in one division. There are nine divisions of vascular plants. These are divided based on whether they form seeds or not. Division Bryophyta - nonvascular plants Class - Musci - the mosses Division Pterophyta - ferns, group of seedless plants Division Coniferophyta - cone-forming seed plants Division Anthophyta - fruit-forming seed plants Class - Monocotyledonae Class - Dicotyledonae Chapter 2 ROOTS Roots help to anchor a plant in the ground. They also absorb water and minerals from the soil, and store food. Plants generally conform to one of two root systems, a taproot system or a fibrous root system. A taproot system, generally found in dicotyledons, is made up of a central, large root that is called the taproot. The taproot is larger in diameter than the lateral roots. Lateral roots, which come from the pericycle, branch off from the taproot, and then lateral roots, can branch off other lateral roots. Taproots generally grow more deeply into the soil than do fibrous roots. Unlike the taproot system, the fibrous root system is made up of thin, stringy roots that all have about the same diameter. These roots branch several times and form a complex mat under the plant that binds to the upper soil layers. Fibrous roots can be found in monocots such as grasses. Some plants, such as the tomato plant, can have a fibrous root system or a taproot system depending on how the plant was grown. If the plant is grown from a seed, the plant will grow from a taproot. When the plant is grown from cuttings, a fibrous root system will form. Every root grows a mass of tiny hairs near its tip to absorb water from the soil. These tiny hairs are called root hairs, and they are made from cells. They take water to the main root. The main root brings the water to the main plant. The roots also help hold the plant in the ground. The inside of a root has four different parts. The epidermis is the outside part. It is like our skin. It protects the inside parts of the root, like our skin protects us. Plants take in water from the soil through their roots. The water passes through the vascular rays until it reaches the center

Obamacare the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act

Obamacare the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA), also known as â€Å"Obamacare† has elicited different argument in its support and against it. The conservative and the liberal have come out to express their applause and concerns on this piece of legislation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Obamacare† the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interesting to note is the wide use of different forms of language to pass their message to each other and to the nation at large. There have been contentious issues between the liberal and conservative parties in terms of morality and frames of the introduced health care reform. The effectiveness and validity of the arguments do not depend either on premises or on conclusions, but on the right form of the statement. Within this context, in case the premise is false, the conclusion should be false as well and vice ver sa. Alternative variants are not acceptable. This essay shall seek to determine how various forms of statements are employed to achieve certain purposes. The essay also delves into how effective this purpose is achieved. Invalid reasoning is a form of reasoning that is characterized by the strong stand with very little or no reasoning at all. This form of reasoning has no input in terms of logic. It does seek to critically analyze the underlying issues to come up with its conclusions. The examples of invalid reasoning are reflected in the right-wing representatives who focus on sound and strong conclusions with no reference to logical references. At a glance, their focus on unconstitutionality does not provide concrete examples from the U.S. constitution (Wilson 3). However, the emphasis is placed on the rigid violation of human rights and excess pressure on the state and federal government on the citizens’ decision to buy private insurance.Advertising Looking for ess ay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the premise that â€Å"the health care reform act is simply a bad law† cannot be regarded as the right one (Wilson 3). In this respect, the effectiveness of argumentation in this case is low because it does not correspond to the conclusions made. The opposite for invalid reasoning is Logical validity. This normally concerns itself with the form of an argument. Logically valid arguments are based on premises that are usually minimally relevant to the conclusion. Also imperative to note is that if the premises are all true, then logically the conclusion must be true. The reason is that it is always impossible to have a valid argument based true premises and end up with a false conclusion. Arguments must be valid to give us a sufficient reason to accept a conclusion. An example of the valid argument is represented in the article published in The New York Time s where the author criticizes the reform because of the fiscal crisis. Hence, his argument is confined to the idea that the government will suffer extreme financial losses because a money deficiency for providing insurance to people belonging to the social layers below the poverty line (Rush to Abandon the Poor 2). However, the article represented by Degolia, the left-wing representative, does not provide substantial premises for building the argument because it refers directly to the criticism of the right-wing policy (2). The article published by The Progressive focuses on moral dimension and real-to-life stories who failed to receive adequate treatment because of the inability to get health care insurance (Clinton 3). The author makes a viable conclusion that corresponds to the initial assumptions. You’re mixing the introduction, which only needs to set up your discussion, with a body paragraph, which gets tangled up in the details Effective reasoning involves a combinatio n of different factors such as experience in order to come up with a conclusion. The decision derived from effective reasoning is also known as sound conclusion. It seeks to base its argument on the statistics that are available.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"Obamacare† the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Effective reasoning is a proper means of challenging the invalid reasoning. For instance, in a New York Times Article titles Rush to abandon the poor, the author uses statistics to counter the Governor’s (from Texas) stand against the ObamaCare. The author points out that over 6.3 billion people are uninsured in Texas. This is using the numbers that are available in order to advance an argument. The author explains the dire consequences of rejecting the ObamaCare on that ground. While the governor had not relied on any sufficient evidence or experien ce for his stand, the author offers the reasons why it is important to accept the ObamaCare. All the nonfiction works introduce various approaches and rhetoric devices to render the main thoughts and ideas concerning the implementation of ACA. Nonfiction reasoning reasons out of the belief that what he thinks about is true. For instance, in the ObamaCare, the nonfiction approach is that the rejection of the plan shall leave many people without insurance and therefore bring real adverse effects. This is the belief among those in support of the plan. The adverse effects are real and non fictional. Despite the predominance of criticism of the law among the right-wing supporters and approval on the part of liberal parties, the argumentation techniques still vary. This is of particular concern to the authors holding the central political outlook on the health care reform introduced by Obama. Critical thinking normally refers to our ability to be able to think about complex ideas on our o wn and come up within conclusions that form the basis of our criticism or support in any argument. It encompasses thinking for ourselves as well as the ability to synthesize the contents and end up with a rational conclusion and deductions.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In such a manner, the author manages to reproduce a persuasive argument and introduce personal assessment of the situation. To support personal observations and reassure the audience in the validity of the argument, some authors apply to numeric data, as it is represented in the article published by Associated Press (1). In this respect, the evidence shows that a combination of subjective and objective evaluations of the issue is effective because it performs two important functions – grabs the audience attention and engages them in the author’s personal opinion. To understand the main concepts and critical ideas on the chosen readings, it is necessary to challenge the assumptions and read thoughts between the lines. The point is that all the presented articles introduce various rhetoric to persuade the audience in the messages they render, as well as to define whether their ideas are well organized and articulated. As an example, Jasper argues, â€Å"Repealing ObamaC are is also absolutely necessary if we hope to avoid national economic collapse† (1). So, what is the connection between the Affordable Care Act and national economic collapse? To explain the issue, the author refers to the analysis of other articles exploring the essence of the reform to conclude that â€Å"health care reform†¦ is jam-packed with dangerous language that will provide federal bureaucrats with vast new powers that are compatible with totalitarian systems of government, but not with the American tradition of liberty† (p. 3). To expand on the point, the author emphasizes that radical position on the reform contradicts the premises of the U.S. constitutions in terms of human rights and freedoms. In this respect, the author makes use of the language to persuade the audience that the given law can create serious challenges to the economic and social welfare of the U.S. nation. In addition, the article is based on the approach of proving the issue from the contrary. Thus, the author first presents the idea of ObamaCare as an essential law and proceeds with heavy criticism of the latter. Proving from the contrary is also reflected in the article by Kirsch (2). Specifically, the article discusses in detail all the benefits and the positive changes that the new law can bring into the healthcare. However, the pitfalls of the reform are still discussed on the background of the highlighted advantages. In this respect, though the Act can provide people with a higher level of living for some layers of the population, the middle-class employees will face the most serious difficulties because the subsidies are not sufficient to allow the employees to purchase the private health care insurance. At a certain angle, Kirsch applies to a sophisticated approach and takes a pseudo-neutral position to attract more readers to the issue. Similar techniques are represented by Lapointe who addresses until the problem as a third party criticizing both the Republicans and Democrats (3). However, despite the criticism of the opposed parties, the article still provides arguments in favor the adoption of the Affordable Care Act. In such a manner, the author explains, â€Å"under the affordable care act of 2010, people with pre-existing conditions would no longer be defined coverage by insurance companies† (Lapointe 3). Despite the fact that the article is published in the newspaper supporting conservative views, it still represents the legislation from a positive perspective. At the same time, the author introduces a contradictory point of views right after enlarging on the positive effects of the presented law. So, why does the author produce an extremely contrasting view with no exact position in regard to the ObamaCare? Apparently, such a position has been chosen to encourage more audience to deliberate on the issue giving no political importance to the reform. Even the last sentence â€Å"America desperately needs healthcare reform, and Obamacare is the answer† does not actually provide a clear response to the exact position of the author toward the health care policies in the United States. The articles under consideration also apply various modes of persuasion to endow their writing speech with a certain tone and to attract specific target audiences. Use of logos, pathos, and ethos vary from one work to another, but certain tendencies are still represented differently with regard to the authors’ political preferences. Political affiliations and assumptions are explicitly represented through the three modes of persuasion being the major tool in delivering messages to the audience. An in-depth analysis of the readings has revealed certain tendencies in the techniques used by the representatives of liberal, central, and conservatives vies. In particular, the representatives of the liberal, left-wing attitudes prefer using ethos to persuade the audience. As a proof, the authors apply mostly t o existing facts and knowledge to base their personal evaluation on. In contrast, the articles published by the New Yorker, the New York Times, the Washington Post, and the Wall Street Journal pathos in combination with logos to provoke emotions among the target audience. They rely on moral dimensions and highlight ethical concerns of the reform outcomes. For instance, Gawande (3) makes an accent on the moral conception of the story about a terminally ill patient who does not lose hope during treating lung cancer (3). Using radical methods in treating cancer, the author as if calls the reader to think over new changes and shifts in the health care system. Because of the radical influences, it is purposeful to assume that the author supports the revolutionary approach that should be applied to improve the situation in the country. Finally, the conservative proponents – the Washington Times, the New American, and The American Spectator – choose to use a double approach t o persuading and capturing the attention of their audience and, therefore, they use a combination of pathos and ethos to enhance their articles. While reading the article, the audience should clearly distinguish between personal opinion and exposition of knowledge and facts. To begin with the authors refer to facts and knowledge to enhance the objectivity to the ideas delivered in the article. In such a way, they can capture the attention of the readers who are more interested in the presence of objective evaluation to the event and are skeptical in terms of the authors’ personal argument. In this respect, author’ personal opinion is represented as a subjective dimension in the article. It is obvious that all newspaper articles seek to deliver a subjective opinion on the issue to determine the authors’ position, as well as identify the political beliefs they uphold. With regard to the chosen material for analysis, all the articles deliver subjectivity, but to a different extent. Specifically, much subjectivity is imposed on the story represented by Gawande (3) who introduces a tragic story about women who has a serious form of lung cancer, but who remains optimistic and hopeful. Focusing on emotional dimension, the author makes use of personal opinion to enhance audience’s emotional engagement with the story. In contrast, Jasper is more concerned with representing objective facts and focus on the logic of thoughts exposition. In such a manner, the author manages to persuade the audience that the article represents a strong chain of arguments and assumptions. In particular, the article refers to existing legislation passages to ensure that Obamacare policies cannot be justified in a constitutional way. To contrast and compare, Gawande, a newspaper reporter has produced an emotionally colored story about a terminally ill patient with no reference to ObamaCare policy. In such a manner, the author emphasizes the necessity to introduce p rogressive and revolutionary changes to the medical sphere and medical treatment in general. The writing represented by the Washington Post focus on the deplorable status of the uninsured citizens in the United States. In particular, the author generalizes the negative consequences and refers directly to the shortcomings of Medicaid expansion, which could still leave some layers of the population without health care insurance. In this respect, much concern should be connected with the consistency and reasonableness of the presented policy. In such a way, the given work refuses to support the ObamaCare project because of large-scale negative outcomes. Finally, the Wall Street Journal chooses a neutral position and addresses the debates between Liberal and Conservatives to objectively evaluate the pros and cons of the Affordable Care Act in terms of the racial discrimination policy. At this point, Taranto centers on the problem of political correctness that has come to the forth becau se of the radically introduced reform. Hence choosing various approaches and tools for addressing the issues, the central forces remain neutral toward the reform by introducing the negative and positive outcomes of reform and by criticizing the accusation on the part of conservatives and liberals. Explicit distinctions between personal opinion and facts are represented in the work by Taranto who introduces quotes for the readers’ objective evaluation and provides personal analysis for the audience to contrast and compare it with their own vision of the argument. In conclusion, a critical analysis of the presented articles discovering the liberal and conservative views on ObamaCare policy has revealed explicit tendencies in expressing thoughts and delivering specific concepts. In particular, liberal proponents are more concerned with radical and revolutionary changes that should occur in the country and, therefore, the articles supporting this position uphold the adoption of t he Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Conservative supporters reject the reasonableness of the ObamaCare policy because of the significant economic and political consequences. Their neutral position is taken by the newspapers that introduce the debate from third-party perspectives. In addition, presenting ideas is also followed by the distinct use of ethos, pathos, and logos. In this respect, liberal wing is more concerned with using ethos; conservative activists prefer to make use of pathos. Finally, the central forces refer to mixed modes of persuasion. Despite discrepancies in using rhetoric devices, all the authors have managed to use a combination of objective and subjective observations, which essential for attracting the target audience. Associated Press. â€Å"States Could Leave Millions of Low-Income People Uninsured in a New Medicaid ‘Doughnut Hole.† Washington Post. 2012. Web. washingtonpost.com/business/states-could-leave-millions-of-low-income-peo ple-uninsured-in-a-new-medicaid-doughnut-hole/2012/07/17/gJQAsrKEsW_story.html Clinton, Kate. â€Å"Public Health Care Cures Worry†. The Progressive. 2009. Web. progressive.org/node/134240/2789 Degolia, Rachel. â€Å"†Obamacare† Fight Could Determine Nation’s Future†. People’s World. 2012. Web. http://peoplesworld.org/obamacare-fight-could-determine-nation-s-future/ Gawande, Atul. â€Å"Letting Go: What Should Medicine Do When It Can’t Save Your Life?†. The New Yorker. 2010, Web. newyorker.com/reporting/2010/08/02/100802fa_fact_gawande?currentPage=1 Jasper, William F. â€Å"Repealing Obamacare†. New American. 2010. Web. thenewamerican.com/usnews/health-care/item/1779-repealing-obamacare Kirsch, Richard. â€Å"In Defense of ‘Obamacare’†. The Nation. thenation.com/article/166950/defense-obamacare Lapointe, Mike. â€Å"Obamacare: The Answer to America’s Need for Healthcare Reform†. The Washin gton Times. 2012. Web. http://communities.washingtontimes.com/neighborhood/americas-political-pulse/2012/jun/24/obamacare-answer-america-need-healthcare-reform/ Rush to Abandon the Poor. The New York Times. 2012. Web. nytimes.com/2012/07/18/opinion/the-rush-to-abandon-the-poor.html?_r=3 Taranto, James. â€Å"Political Correctness and Racial Tension†. The Wall Street Journal. 2012. Web. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052702304388004577529680052846846.html?KEYWORDS=obamacare Wilson, Andrew B. â€Å"Ten Ways That Obamacare Is Bad Law† The American Spectator. 2012. Web. http://spectator.org/archives/2012/04/03/ten-ways-that-obamacare-is-bad